This presentation was given by CIFOR scientist by Anne Larson and Ashwin Ravikumar at a COP20 side-event titled "Benefit and Burden Sharing in Forest Policies and REDD+" in Lima, Peru. The event addressed the benefits and costs associated with forest conservation initiatives across multiple countries, and their equity implications. It builds on results gathered from an ongoing multi-year European Commission-funded project aimed to provide policy options and guidance to improve the design, development, and implementation of REDD+ benefit sharing mechanisms.

1. Multilevel Governance and
Benefit Sharing
Legitimacy of arrangements around the world
Anne Larson & Ashwin Ravikumar

3. II. Study design

5. Site selection criteria
Decreasing emissions sites
COUNTRY
REGION
SITE 4
SITE 5
SITE 1: NO
REDD+
SITE 3:
REDD+
SITE 2:
REDD+
Increasing emissions sites
REGION
1
REGION
2
REGION
3
* Based on key informants interviews

6. Theoretical and methodological framework
Policies, institutions &
incentives
Land use
decisions
Benefit-sharing
mechanisms
Trends in
livelihoods
(Equity)
Emissions
trends
(Effectiveness)
SECONDARY DATA
• Legal/policy studies (multilevel
and multisector)
PRIMARY DATA (FIELD WORK)
• >200 Key informant
Interviews

7. IV. MLG and Benefit
Sharing Results:
Peru and Indonesia

8. Results overview
 Variation at the national level and sub-national levels
 Ad-hoc strategies on the ground with multiple benefits
 Non-monetary benefits are key so far
 Legitimacy depends on multiple factors; not just the type of
initiative

9. Benefit sharing policies & processes
National
policy
Sub-national
policy
Initiative
/Project
INDONESIA PERU
• FREDDI
• MOF reg. 39
• Inti-plasma
???????
Provincial strategies
(poorly defined)
???????
Ad-hoc strategies and
processes
• National Forest Conservation
Program
• PES laws
???????
Multistakeholder spaces and
discussions; draft roadmaps
(no explicit benefit sharing guidance)
???????
Ad-hoc strategies and processes

10. Benefit sharing on the ground:
Multiple benefits
$$$

11. Benefit sharing on the ground:
Multiple burdens?
Reduced access and tenure security:
6 cases in Peru (2 REDD+ projects)
4 in Indonesia (1 REDD+ project)
WHY DO WE SEE BURDENS INSTEAD OF BENEFITS?

12. What makes arrangements
legitimate?
 Not entirely dependent on initiative type (cross-cutting)
 Broad consultation, NOT just representative-based
(cross-cutting)
 Community control access is key (Indonesia)
 Information flows: what should REDD+ communities be
told? (Peru)

13. Example 1: Expanding natural park

14. Example 2: REDD+ and Brazil-nut
concessionaires

15. Example 3: Oil palm in Ucayali

17. Example 4:
Fair and equitable oil palm?
• Consultation
• Conservation
• High inti-plasma payment
• Community buy-in

18. REDD+ in Peru: Creating Dialogue Spaces?
National Ministry of
Environment
Regional
Environmental
Authority
Environmental NGOs
and Project
Proponents
Producer
groups
Indigenous
Communities
Local
governments
Private Extractive
Firms
National
Ministry of
Agriculture
Regional
Directorate of
Agriculture
Smallholder
communities

19. Takeaways and Conclusions
 Slow policies mean ad hoc arrangements
 Ad hoc arrangements deliver multiple benefits, but they’re
not always legitimate
 More legitimate arrangements can be achieved through
better participation and tapping customary/existing
institutions
 Integration across scales will be a challenge. Dialogue
spaces are opportunities, but they’re imperfect and
imperfectly understood

20. Acknowledgements: Research
 Peru researchers: Laura Kowler, Jazmín Gonzales Tovar, Dawn
Rodriguez Ward, Carol Burga, Harold Gordillo, Anne Larson,
 Support from: Medardo Miranda, Anggela Michi
 Indonesia researchers: Rodd Myers, Anna Sanders, support from
Rut Din
 Tanzania researchers: Martin Kijazi & Joshua Ivan

21. Acknowledgments: Donors
 EC
 NORAD
 CRP FTA

22. Further reading
 The legitimacy of multilevel governance structures for
benefit sharing: REDD+ and other low emissions options in
Peru
http://www.cifor.org/library/5201/the-legitimacy-of-multilevel-
governance-structures-for-benefit-sharing-redd-and-
other-low-emissions-options-in-peru/
 Benefit sharing in context: A comparative analysis of 10
sub-national initiatives in Indonesia (forthcoming)