Electrical Resistance

1. Gandhinagar Institute
of Technology(012)
Subject : Mechanical Measurement and Metrology
(2141901)
Active Learning Assignment
Branch : Mechanical
Batch : 4 A / 4A3
Prepared by : - Jain Bhavesh (160120119032)
Guided By: Ms. Tapan Patel
Topic Name:
“Electrical Resistance, Strain Gauge,
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Load Cell”

2. Resistance
• Resistance is the opposition that an electrical
device has to the flow of electrical current.
• All devices have some resistance.
• A resistor is a device that has a particular
resistance.

3. Resistance Equation
Resistance=Voltage/Current
R=V/I
•Resistance is measured in ohms
•Voltage in volts(V),Current in
amps(I)
•You can rearrange the equation to
find voltage & current
R=V/I
V=R*I
I=V/R

4. Variable Resistor
These resistors have different resistance and it's possible to alter
their resistance. When you alter the volume of television or speed of
a fan you use a variable resistor to do so

5. Measuring resistance

6. STRAIN GAUGE
• The strain gauge is a passive, resistive transducer which
converts the mechanical elongation and compression into a
resistance change.
• This change in resistance takes place due to variation in length
and cross sectional area of the gauge wire, when an external
force acts on it.

7. TYPES OF STRAIN GAUGE
• The type of strain gauge are as
1. Wire gauge
a) Unbonded
b) Bonded
c) Foil type
2. Semiconductor gauge

8. UNBONDED STRAIN GAUGE
• An unbonded meter strain gauge is shown in fig
• This gauge consist of a wire stretched between two point in an
insulating medium such as air. The wires may be made of
various copper, nickel, chrome nickel or nickel iron alloys.
• In fig the element is connected via a rod to diaphragm which is
used for sensing the pressure. The wire are tensioned to avoid
buckling when they experience the compressive force.
• The unbounded meter wire gauges used almost exclusively in
transducer application employ preloaded resistance wire
connected in Wheatstone bridge as shown in fig.
• At initial preload the strain and resistance of the four arms are
nominally equal with the result the output voltage of the bridge
is equal to zero.

9. UNBONDED STRAIN GAUGE

10. BONDED STRAIN GAUGE
• The bonded metal wire strain gauge are used for both stress
analysis and for construction of transducer.
• A resistance wire strain gauge consist of a grid of fine
• resistance wire. The grid is cemented to carrier which may be
a thin sheet of paper Bakelite or Teflon.
• The wire is covered on top with a thin sheet of material so as
to prevent it from any mechanical damage.
• The carrier is bonded with an adhesive material to the
specimen which permit a good transfer of strain from carrier to
grid of wires.

11. RESISTANCE WIRE STRAIN GUAGE

12. BONDED METAL FOIL STRAIN GAUGE
• It consist of following parts:
1. Base (carrier) Materials: several types of base material are
used to support the wires. Impregnated paper is used for room
temp. applications.
2. Adhesive: The adhesive acts as bonding materials. Like other
bonding operation, successful strain gauge bonding depends
upon careful surface preparation and use of the correct
bonding agent.
In order that the strain be faithfully transferred on to the strain
gauge, the bond has to be formed between the surface to be
strained and the plastic backing material on which the gauge is
mounted .
It is important that the adhesive should be suited to this backing
and adhesive material should be quick drying type and also
insensitive to moisture.

13. • 3. Leads: The leads should be of such materials which have
low and stable resistivity and also a low resistance temperature
coefficent
• This class of strain gauge is only an extension of the bonded
metal wire strain gauges.
• The bonded metal wire starin gauge have been completely
superseded by bonded metal foil strain gauges.
• Metal foil strain gauge use identical material to wire strain
gauge and are used for most general purpose stress analysis
application and for many transducers.

14. BONDED METAL FOIL STRAIN
GAUGE

15. METAL FOIL STRAIN GUAGE

16. SEMICONDUCTOR STRAIN GAUGE
• Semiconductor gauge are used in application where a high
gauge factor is desired. A high gauge factor means relatively
higher change in resistance that can be measured with good
accuracy.
• The resistance of the semiconductor gauge change as strain is
applied to it. The semiconductor gauge depends for their
action upon the piezo-resistive effect i.e. change in value of
resistance due to change in resistivity.
• Silicon and germanium are used as resistive material for
semiconductor gauges.

17. SEMICONDUCTOR STRAIN
GAUGE

18. HYDRAULIC LOAD CELL
 Working principle
When a force is applied on a liquid medium
contained in a confined space, the pressure of
the liquid increases. This increase in pressure
of the liquid is proportional to the applied
force. Hence a measure of the increase in
pressure of the liquid becomes a measure of
the applied force when calibrated.

19. HYDRAULIC LOAD CELL
 As the hydraulic load cell is sensitive to pressure changes, the
load cell
should be adjusted to zero setting before using it to measure force.
 This hydraulic load cell have an accuracy of the order of 0.1
percent of its scale and can measure loads up to 2.5*10^5 kgf.
 The resolution is about 0.02 percent.

20. PNEUMATIC LOAD CELL
 If a force is applied to one
side of a
diaphragm and an air pressure is
applied to the other side, some
particular value of pressure will be
necessary to exactly balance the
force. This pressure is
proportional to the applied force.

21. PNEUMATIC LOAD CELL
 The pneumatic load cell can measure loads up to
2.5*10^3 kgf.
 The accuracy of this system is 0.5 percent of
the full scale.

22. Thank you