Goat production book jan 2020

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts -kz' :jf:Yo tflnd tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf_ Page 1
s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
afv|fkfng
kz' :jf:Yo tflnd tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf
kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf !) /fd3f6, kf]v/f
kf]i6 aS; g+= $!( sf:sL, u08sL k|b]z
kmf]gM )^!-%@^$%%, kmofS;M )^!-%#%*)&
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afv|fkfng k'l:tsf
;Dkfbg
e/t kf]v/]n
tflnd ;+of]hs
/fd3f6, kf]v/f
kmf]g g+=)^!—%@^$%%,(*)@*!)@!%
cf=j=@)&^÷)&&

b'O{ zAb
kz'kfng Joa;fodf ;+nUg s[ifsx?n] afv|fkfngnfO{ Ps cleGg k]zfsf] ?kdf ckgfPsf]
kfO{G5 . s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUgx?dWo] ^)Ü eGbf a9L s[ifs 3/kl/jf/n] afv|fkfng ul//x]sf]
tYo xfd|f] ;fd' 5 .
;a} ef}uf]lns If]qdf ug{ ;lsg], ahf/sf] ;d:of gePsf], zx/Ls/0fsf] j[l4;Fu} df;'sf]
dfu a9b} uPsf], ;fgf] nufgLaf6 ;Grfng ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] o; Joj;fosf] lj:tf/sf
k|z:t ;+efjgf /x]sf 5g .
ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}x« ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?af6 cfocfh{g tyf /f]huf/L j[l4sf nfuL
afv|fkfng Joj;fonfO{ hf]8 lbb} cfPsf] ePtf klg cfxf/f, :jf:Yo / k|hgg
Joj:yfkgsf ljljb kIfx?df plrt Wofg k'Ug g;Sg' / lgjf{xd'vLaf6 Joj;foLs/0f lt/
ck]lIft ?kdf cuf8L a9g g;s]sf] sf/0f pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj pk]lIft ?kdf j[l4
x'g g;sL/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}n] pNn]lvt s'/fx?nfO{ dWogh/ u/L cfoft
k|lt:yfkgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
k':tsdf ;dfa]z ljifo a:t'x?n] afv|fkfng Joj;fo;Fu ;DjlGwt k|fljlws tyf
s[ifsx?sf] 1fg tyf l;k ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]If /flvPsf] 5 .
wGojfb .
e/t kf]v/]n
tflnd ;+of]hs

!=afv||fkfng
!=!=kl/ro
dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;'?jft ;Fu ;Fu} ;'?u/]sf] afv|fkfng cfhsf] ca:yfdf cfOk'Ubf Pp6f
Joj;fosf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] wd{ ;+:s[tL nufPt ljleGg sfo{df afv|f
k|of]u x'g] ePsf]n] ubf{ afv|fkfng Joj;fo a[xt ?kdf kmi6fPsf] kfO{G5 . xfd|f] b]zdf of]
Joj;fo lxdfn, t/fO{ / leqL db]z ;Dd ckgfOb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;n] s'n df;'
laqmLdf ;/b/ &)% :yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 . j}1flgsx? afv|f b'wsf nfuL kfNg hf]8 lbG5g .
afv|fsf] b'w ufO{ e+}l;sf] eGbf w]/} kf]lifnf] x'G5 . la/fdLn] klg ;lhn} krfpg ;Sb5g .
ufO{ e}+l;sf] b'w gkmfKg]n] klg afv|fsf] b'w vfg ;S5g . To:t} b]jLb]jtf a'emfpg] b]lv
rf8ka{ / pT;jsf nflu klg afv|f pkof]uL dflgG5 . ;fgf] nufgLaf6 ul/a ls;fgn]
klg z'? ug{ ;Sg] Joj;fo ePsf] x'bf df;', pmg tyf ;fdfg 9'jfgLsf] p2]Zon] g]kfndf
afv|fsf] :yfg cuf8L /x]sf] 5 .
lsg afv|f kfNg] M
!_ yf]/} nufgLaf6 Joj;fo z'? ug{ ;lsG5 M lsgsL
 k|lt afv|f d'No sd 5 .
 ;fgf] 7fFp / uf]7 eP x'G5 .
 ;fgf] kl/af/ / yf]/} 3fF;kft xF'bf klg z'? ug{ ;lsG5 .
@_ l5§} cfDbfgL lbg]
 kf7f kf7Lx? %÷^ dlxgf pd]/ k'u]kl5 a]Rg ;lsG5 .
 kf7Lx? ! aif{ pd]/ gk'Ub} Aofpg] .
 Ps k6sdf ! jf ! eGbf a9L aRrf lbG5g .
 afnL uPsf] kfFr dlxgfd} AofpF5g / l56} afnL hfG5g .
#_ kfNg ;lhnf] M
 w]/} lsl;dsf] 3fF;kft vfG5g .
 afFw]/ kfNg ;lsG5 .
 s]6fs]6Ln] klg /]vb]v ug{ ;S5g .
 eL/kfvfdf klg rg{ ;S5g .

$_ hf]lvd sd M
 /f]ux? sd nfU5g .
 k|lt afv|f d'No sd 5 .
 pRr kxf8b]lv t/fO{;Ddsf]] xfjfkfgLdf klg x'g ;S5g .
 kfgLsf] cefa x'g] 7fFpdf klg kfNg ;lsG5 .
 ;fgf] hgfj/ ePsf]n] eL/ jf kxf8df lx8g ;lhnf] x'G5 .
%_ ahf/df ;lhn} a]Rg ;lsg]
 ;a} dflg;n] df;' vfg]
 rf8ka{ k'hfcfhf ;a}df rNg]
 s]lx l5d]sL ldn]/ klg df;'sf nfuL sf6g ;lsg]
 ufFp b]lv ahf/ ;Dd Pp6} d'No
^_ al9 t]h:aL dn M
 ufO{ e}l;sf] dneGbf afv|fsf] dn al9 t]lhnf] x'G5 .

!=@=afv|fsf hftx?
xfn g]kfndf :jb]zL, ljb]zL / ltgLx?sf] j0f{z+s/ hftsf] afv|fx? kflnPsf] 5 .
qm=; afv|fsf] Hfft Zf/Ll/s agfj6 / l;kmfl/; ePsf] ef}uf]lns If]q kmf]6f]
:jb]zL afv|f
! t/fO{ afv|f
em§ x]bf{ hd'gfkf/L afv|f h:t} b]lvg] .
t/ hd'gfkf/L eGbf ;fgf] x'G5 .
;/b/ @% b]lv #% s]=hL=;Dd x'G5 .
t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]z -@)) b]lv !))) lkm6 ;Dd_
@& k|ltzt afv|fn] h'DNofxf kfpFb5g .
@ v/L÷kxf8L afv|f
zf/Ll/s tf}n @) b]lv #) s]=hL= ;Dd x'G5 .
%& k|ltzt afv|fn] h'DNofxf kfpFb5g .
b'O{ aif{df # k6s Aofpg]
tNnf] Pj+ dWo kxf8L If]q -!))) lkm6 b]lv &)))
lkm6;Dd_

#
l;Gxfn afv|f
 of] hft sfnf], v}/f] ;]tf] /+usf] x'G5 .
 s/La @% k|ltzt afv|fn] h'DNofxf kfpFb5g .
 ;/b/ #) b]lv $) s]=hL=sf] x'G5 .
 pRr kxf8L If]q -&))) lkm6 b]lv ())) lkm6
;Dd_
 !^ k|ltzt afv|fn] h'DNofxf kfpFb5g .
$
Rofªu|f
 lxdfnL kj{t >[+vnfsf] k5fl8kl66 ;'Vvf, a9L
xfjf nfUg], lr;f] / cw{d?e'ldh:tf] 7fFpdf
kfOG5 .
 klZdgf / g/d vfnsf] Gofgf] e'jf pTkfbgsf]
nflu k|lz4 5 .
 jif{df Ps k6s dfq Jofpg] / Ps k6sdf
Pp6f dfq aRrf Aofpg] ub{5g .
 ;/b/ tf}n @% b]lv #) s]=lh= x'G5 .
 ())) lkm6 eGbf dflysf] prfOdf
 ! k|ltzt afv|fn] h'DNofxf kfpFb5g .

@ ljb]zL afv|f
! hd'gfkf/L afv|f
 of] ef/t af6 cfoft ul/Psf] afv|f xf] .
 o; hftsf] s'g} lgl:rt /+u x'b}g .
 nfdf–nfdf v'§f, p7]sf] gfs, nfdf] sfg, ;/b/
#) b]lv ^) s]=hL x'G5 .
 t/fO{ tyf dWo kxf8L If]q -!%)) ld6/ ;Dd_
@ Aff/a]/L afv|f
 of] clk|msf af6 NofOPsf] afv|f xf] .
 ;]tf] / 6f6]kf6] /+u x'G5 .
 ;/b/ tf}n @& b]lv #^ s]= hL= x'G5 .
 t/fO{ tyf dWo kxf8L If]q -!%)) ld6/ ;Dd_

# af]o/ afv|f
 of] blIf0f clk|msfaf6 NofOPsf] afv|f xf] .
 df;' pTkfbgsf] lglDt kflng] o; hftsf]
afv|fsf] zf/Ll/s laz]iftf z/L/df ;fgf] ;]tf] /f}+
n] 9flsPsf] / 3fF6L, 6fpsf] /ftf] /f}+ n] 9flsPsf]
x'G5 .
 ;/b/ jo:s af]sfsf] tf}n !!)–!#% s]=hL= /
afv|Lsf] tf}n ()–!)) s]=hL= x'G5 .
 b'O{ jif{df # k6s Aofpg] .
$ ;fgg afv|f
 b"wsf] nflu ljZj k|l;4 dflgg] of] afv|f
:aLh/Nof08af6 k|;fl/t ePsf] xf] .
 of] afv|fsf] l;Ë x'b}g .
 o; hftsf] afv|fn] b}lgs ;/b/ # ln6/ b"w
lbG5 .
 ;/b/ zf/Ll/s tf}n $% s]=hL x'G5 .

@=Joj:yfkg
@=!=vf]/sf] Joj:yfkg
lsg rflxG5 <
 cf/fd lbg .
 3fFd, kfgL / hf8f]af6 hf]ufpg .
 h+unL hgfj/af6 hf]ufpg .
 v]tLkftL hf]ufpg .
 rf]/af6 hf]ufpg .
afv|f s;/L kfNg]
ufFp3/df @,$ uf]6f b]lv @)–#) uf]6f;Dd afv|f kfn]sf] kfO{G5 . yf]/} x'g]n] 3/d}
afFw]/ kfn]sf] kfOG5 . w]/} x'g]x?n] 5f8f 5f]8]/ kfNg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . oL b'a} t/Lsfsf
cf–cfkmg} kmfObf / a]kmfObf 5g .
aw'Fjf kfNbf x'g] kmfObfx?
 h'Qf] hDdf x'G5 .
 hËnL hgfj/af6 x'g] gf]S;fg 365 .
 /f]u km}lng] 8/ sd x'G5 .
 ljif vfg] 8/ x'b}g .
 af]6 la?jf x'sf{pg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
 uf]7fnf] hfg]n] cGo sfd ug{ ;S5 .
5f8f 5f]8]/ kfNbf x'g] kmfObfx?
 cfkmgf] hUuf hldg gx'g]n]] klg kfNg ;S5g .
 3fF;kft hDdf ug]{ em+em6 x'b}g .
afv|fkfng k4ltdf ;'wf/ s;/L ug]{
 ;Gt'lnt cfxf/ pknAw u/fpg] .
 pGgt vf]/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

 nj0fx?, g'g / le6fldgx? lgoldt ?kn] lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
 af]sf, afv|f, ;fgf kf7f–kf7L, v;L / ao:sx?nfO{ /fVg] cnu cnu Joj:yf
ldnfpg] .
 aif{sf] @ k6s jfxo k/hLlj la?4 cf}iflw kfgLn] g'xfOlbg] -l8lkË ug]{_ Joj:yf
ldnfpg] .
 cf}iflwx? lgoldt?kn] v'jfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
 ;do–;dodf EoflS;gx? lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
 ;]lknf] tyf bnbn If]qdf rg{ hfg glbg] .
vf]/ agfpgsf] nfuL s:tf] 7fFp pQd dflgG5 <
 v'nf, ;'Vvf / yf]/} p7]sf] efu
 blIf0f k'j{ jf blIf0f klZrd df]x8f kms{]sf]
 dnd"q ;lhn} aflx/ lg:sg] lgsf; ePsf] .
 ;kmf kfgL tyf 3fF;x? kfO{g] / r/0f If]q glhs kg]{ 7fFp .
gd'gf k|sf/sf] vf]/ lgdf0f -$ b]lv ^ j6f afv|fsf nfuL_
 vf]/ agfpbf :yflgo ;fdfu|Lx?sf]
clwstd k|of]u ug]{
 ljleGg pd]/ ;d'xsf afv|fnfO{ cnu
cnu /fVg ldNg] u/L k|z:t 7fFp
ePsf] agfpg] .
 k|z:t k|sfz / xfjf v]Ng] Joj:yf
x'g'k5{ .
 3fF; vfgsf nfuL /fd|f] 6f6gf] agfO
lbg'k5{ .
 k|z:t kfgL lbg] k|aGw ldnfpg' k5{ .
 a8Sof}nf / lk;fa emg]{ /fd|f] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ tf ls vf]/ ;kmf ug{ ;lhnf]
xf]; .

3fF; vfg] 6f6gf]
e'FO{df xfn]sf] 3fF; eGbf 6f6gf]df xfn]sf]
3fF; afv|fn] a9L ?rfP/ vfG5 . ctM
6f6gf] afv|f a:g] 6f+8sf] Psftkm{sf]
leQfdf 6fF;]/] agfpg' k5{ .
afv|fnfO{ sAhfdf lng] M
afv|f ;fgf] hgfj/ ePsf]n] sAhfdf lng ufx|f] 5}g . sAhfdf lngfn] sfd ug{ ;lhnf]
x'G5 . cfkm' / afv|fsf] ;'/Iff x'G5 . afv|fnfO{ sAhfdf lng] t/Lsf w]/} 5g . h; dWo]
/fd|f]], ;/n / pkof]uLtfaf/] tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .
sAhfdf lng] t/Lsf
!_ sf7sf] rf]s]df 3fF6L /fvL bfDnfn]
afFw]/
 pg sf6g ;lhnf], afx|o k/lhjLsf] cf}iflw bNg ;lhnf], ;'O{ lbg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
@_ b'O{ v'§fn] Rofk]/
 cf}iflw v'nfpg ;lhnf], 6fpsf], d'v / cfFvf lg/LIf0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
#_ n8fP/
v;L kfg{, ;'O{ lbg, y'g]nf]sf] pkrf/ ug{ of] t/Lsf ckgfOG5 .
@=@=bfFtsf] cfwf/df afv|fsf] pd]/ kQf nufpg] tl/sf
hGdg] lalQs} @ j6f b"w]bfFt x'G5g
! dlxgfdf * j6f b"w]bfFt x'G5g
!* dlxgfdf aLrsf @ b"w]bfFt km'SnL gofF :yfoL bfFtn] 7fFp lnG5 .
@$ dlxgfdf aLrsf $ b"w]bfFt km'SnL gofF :yfoL bfFtn] 7fFp lnG5
#) dlxgfdf aLrsf ^ b"w]bfFt km'SnL gofF :yfoL bfFtn] 7fFp lnG5 .
#^ dlxgfdf ;a} * j6f b"w]bfFtsf] ;§f :yfoL bfFt cfpFb5 .
$* dlxgfdf ;a} bfFt sDhf]/ x'g] xlNng] / l5b|f kg]{ x'g yfNb5g

@=#=ule{0fL afv|Lsf] x]/rfx / Joa:yfkg
 d'Vo ayfgaf6 ule{0fL afv|fnfO{ cnUu} /fVg] .
 aFw'jf k|0ffnL ckgfO{ kfNg] .
 r/fpg] ePdf ;lhnf] / ;dy/ 7fFpx?df dfq r/fpg] .
 uef{j:yfdf k|ltlbg sl/a @)) u|fd cGg lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
 ;'Ts]/L x'g] ca:yfdf b]lvg] nIf0fx? canf]sg ug]{ .
 ;'Ts]/L x'g] qmddf aRrf hGdg @ 306feGbf a9L ;do nfUof] eg] kz' k|flalwssf]
;xof]u lng] .
 3fF; bfgfkfgL lb+bf ;kmf 7fFpdf lbg] .
 ;'Ts]/L ePkl5 lbOg] bfgfkfgLsf] dfqf klxnf] lbgaf6 qmdz a9fpb} nfg] /
l;kmfl/; eP cg';f/sf] k"0f{ dfqf 5}7f} lbg b]lvdfq lbg] .
 ;fngfn ;'Ts]/L afv|L cfkm}n] vfPdf b'w pkfbg sd x'g] / ;Gtfg hGdfpg] Ifdtf
;d]t sd x'g] ePsf]n] ;fngfndf Wofg lbg' kg]{ .
@=$ ev{/} hGd]sf kf7f kf7Lsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg
 hlGdgf;fy kf7f kf7LnfO{ ;'Vvf / Gofgf] 7fFpdf /fVg] .
 ;kmf / g/d sk8fsf] ;xfotfn] gfssf Kjfn / k'/} z/L/ /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ug]{ .
 ev{/} hGd]sf kf7f–kf7Lsf] k5f8Lsf b'a}
v'§f ;dfO{ 6fpsf] tn kfg]{ u/L prfNg]
/ lj:tf/} lj:tf/} k]08'nd xNn] h:t} $–
% k6s otfptf xNnfpg] .
 gfn sf6bf ;kmf / lgdnL{s/0f u/]sf]
An]8, s}+rL jf rSs' k|of]u ug]{ .
 gfn sf6bf z/L/ eGbf @ OGr tnsf]
efudf sf6g] .
 sfl6;s]sf] efudf l6Gr/ cfof]l8g jf
o:t} PlG6;]lK6sx? nufpg] .
 sNrf}8f] / y'gx?nfO{ dg–tftf]kfgLn] ;kmf ug]{ .
 aRrfnfO{ klxnf]k6s afSnf] lauf}tL b'w r':g lbg] .
 To;kl5 dfq aRrfnfO{ oy]i6 dfqfdf b'w r'l;/xg lbg' k5{ .
 Gofgf] / ;'Vvf 7fFpdf /fVg' k5{ / cGo lx+;|s hLjhGt'af6 hf]ufpg' k5{ .

 Kff7f–kf7L @ xKtfsf ePkl5 vfg x'g], g/d / tfultnf] 3fF;x? lj:tf/} vfg lbg'
k5{ .
 To:t} # xKtfsf ePkl5 la:tf/} c? bfgfkfgL / kf}li6s cfxf/x? klg lbb} ug'{k5{ .
 k|hggsf nfuL pko'Qm gx'g] vfnsf kf7fx?nfO{ ! dlxgfsf] pd]/ ePkl5 vl;
kfg'{k5{ .
 kf7f–kf7Lx? # dlxgfsf] pd]/ k'Ugf;fy cfdfaf6 5'§fO{ /fVg'k5{ .
 k|hggsf nfuL /flvg] af]sfnfO{ klg # dlxgfsf] pd]/ b]lv 5§fP/ /fVg] .
 xNsf vfnsf] a|';n] b}lgs ?kdf kf7f–kf7LnfO{ sf]/]/ ;kmf /fVg] .
 cfaZostf cg';f/ a]nf a]nfdf v'/ klg sfl6lbg'k5{ .
@=% Aofpg] M
afv|fsf] ue{ calw !%) lbgsf] x'G5 . dfpaf6 kf7f kf7L #–$ dlxgf k'u]kl5 5'§ofpg'
k5{ . cGoyf cfpg] a]tdf :jf:Yo kf7f hlGdb}gg . ;fy} b'w pTkfbg klg sd x'G5 .
Aofpg] dfpnfO{ clGtd @ dlxgf kf]lifnf] 3fF;kft / cGg yf]/} yf]/} lbg' k5{ . Aofpg]
lbg glhs cfPdf afv|fnfO{ h+Ëndf 5f]8g' x'b}g .
#=j+z ;'wf/ -gZn ;'wf/_
:yflgo kf]yL hgfj/nfO{ pGgt hftsf] efn] nufP/ ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{
gZn ;'wf/ elgG5 . o;/L hlGdPsf ;Gtfgn] cfÇgf] pd]/df k|ToIf ?kdf pTkfbgdf
;'wf/ NofPsf] x'g' kb{5 . of] dfq geP/ Pp6} xfjfkfgLdf a9L pTkfbg lbg] c;n kf]yL
/ efn] aLr k|hgg u/fO{ a9L pTkfbgzLn ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ gZn ;'wf/
elgG5 .
afv|fkfng Joj;foaf6 /fd|f] kmfObf
lng /f]usf] /f]syfd tyf pkrf/,
bfgfkfgL tyf vf]/sf] ;'wf/ / /fd|f]
:ofxf/ ;';f/ eP/ dfq gk'uL To;sf]
pTkfbg Ifdtfdf a[l4 klg u/fpg'
k5{ . h;sf] nflu afv|fdf j+z ;'wf/
-hflto ;'wf/_ ;DalGw t/Lsf
ckgfpb} hfg'k5{ . jz+ ;'wf/ ug{
lgDg t/Lsf ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=!=k|hgg lalw
gftf kg{] aLrsf] k|hgg -xf8gftfdf x'g] k|hggsf c;/x?_
cfkmgf] glhssf] gftf kg]{ -^ k':tf;Dd_ efn] kf]yL;Fu k|hgg u/fO{ ;Gtfg pTkfbg
u/fpg] k|s[ofnfO{ gftf kg]{ aLrsf] k|hgg elgG5 . h:t} M Pp6} cfdfsf lblb efO{,
afa' 5f]/L aLrsf] k|hgg u/fpg' .
a]kmfObf
 ;f]xLhftsf] g/fd|f] u'0f cfpF5 .
 /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf sd x'b} hfG5 .
 ;Gtfg pTkfbg Ifdtf s|dzM 36b} hfG5 .
 n'nf, nË8f tyf Vofp6] x'g'sf] ;fy} c;fwf/0f
cj:yfsf ;Gtfg hGdg ;S5g .
 zf/Ll/s tf}n 365 .
kmfObfx?M
 af]sf vf]Hg 6f“9f hfg' kb}{g .
 af]sf cfkmgf] vf]/dfg} 5 eg] kf]yLn] af]sf] vf]h]sf] Wofg lbO{/xg' kb}{g .
 af]sf ld;fpbf nfUg] /sdsf] art x'G5 .
 :jhflto u'0fx? a9b} hfG5 .
gftf gkg]{ aLrsf] k|hgg
s'g} gftf gkg]{ efn] / kf]yL aLr u/fpg] k|hggnfO{ gftf gkg]{ aLrsf] k|hgg
elgG5 . h:t} M gftf gkg]{ pxL
hftsf :yflgo efn] / :yflgo
kf]yL aLr k|hgg u/fpg' .
km/s km/s hftsf efn] / kf]yL
aLrsf] k|hgg u/fpg'
:yflgo v/L afv|f / pGgt
hftsf hd'gfkf/L / af/a]/L
af]sf aLr k|hgg u/fpg] .

gftf gkg]{ aLr / km/s km/s hfltdf k|hgg u/fpbf x'g] kmfObfx?
 ;Gtfgdf afa' cfdfsf eGbf /fd|f] u'0fx? cfp5g .
 /f]u;Fu n8g ;Sg] Ifdtf a95 .
 sd pTkfbg lbg] hftnfO{ qmdz M pTkfbgdf a[l4 u/fpF5 .
cGt/ ;DaGwLo k|hggsf a]kmfObfx?M
 af]sf vf]Hg tyf kfNg sl7g x'g ;S5 .
 pGgt hftsf af]sf kfpg cln ufx«f] x'G5 .
 jftfj/0f gldNg] x'“bf x'sf{pg sl7g x'g ;S5 .
 pGgt af]sfx?df /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf sd x'G5 .
#=@=gZn ;'wf/sf nflu af]sfsf] 5gf}6M
af]sf
k|hggsf nflu 5gf]6 ul/g] af]sf / afv|fdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx?
 ;d"xdf ;a}eGbf a9L jhg ePsf] .
 nfdf] / vFlbnf] z/L/ ePsf] .
 5f]6f–5f]6f t/ alnof v'§f ePsf] .
 ub{g nfdf] ePsf] /
;Lwf lhp8fn ePsf] .
 rf}8f 5ftL ePsf] .
 ;w}+ h'DNofxf hGdfO/xg]
/ @ jif{df sDtLdf #
k6s Aofpg] dfpsf
;Gtfg .
 klxnf]rf]l6 kf7f–kf7L
hGdfpFbf @ j6f :yfoL
bfFt (permanent
teeth) ePsL dfpaf6 hGd]sf aRrf .
 ub{g / k5fl8sf] efudf nfdf] / e'mKk k/]sf] /f}+ ePsf] . x]b}{df alnof], tu8f /
cfqmfds (aggresive) b]lvg] .
 hlGdbf @ lsnf]u|fd eGbf a9L tf}n ePsf] .

 hGd]sf] ^ dlxgf;Dddf sDtLdf !% lsnf] tf}n k'u]sf] .
 y'g, sNrf}+8f] /fd|f];Fu ljsf; ePsf] .
 c08sf]ifsf b'a} bfgfx? 7"N7"nf / a/fa/ cfsf/sf] ePsf] .
 !* dlxgf k'lu;Sbf ;a}eGbf a9L tf}n u|x0f ug{;Sg] / @ j6f :yfoL bfFt cfPsf .
 /f]u ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf a9L ePsf dfpx?af6 hGd]sf kf7f–kf7L 5fGg] .
 Pp6} pd]/ ;d"xsf dWo]af6 ;a}eGbf 7"nf]nfO{ 5fGg] .
 glhssf] gftf kg]{ jf Pp6} j+zaf6 hGd]sfnfO{ g5fGg] .
 pGgt hftsf] ‑ cyf{t rfx]sf] jfxo k|hfltsf] gZnaf6 sDtLdf %) k|ltzt ld>0f
ePsf] 5fGg] .
 k|hgg p2]Zos} nflu 5flgPsf af]sf / afv|Lsf] ;+;u{af6 hlGdPsf aRrfdfq
kf]yL
5gf]6 ul/g] afv|Ldf s:tf u'0f
x'g'k5{ <
 nfdf] / vFlbnf] z/L/ ePsf] .
 jyfgdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]lvg] .
 k|hggsf nflu rflxg] ljz]if
u'0fx? :ki6 b]Vg ;lsg] .
 ;kmf lhp8fn ePsf] / ;lqmo
vfnsf] .
 ( dlxgfsf] pd]/kl5
klxnf]k6s ule{0fL ePsf]
cfdfaf6 hGd]sf] aRrf .
 nfdfnfdf v'§f ePsf] /
sNrf}+8f] el/gsf nflu k|z:t
vfnL 7fpF b]lvg] .
 k'i6 k/]sf] sNrf}+8f] / l7Ss
cfsf/sf] y'g ePsf] .
 klxnf] rf]l6 aRrf hGdfpFbf @ j6f :yfoL bfFt ePsf] .
 lhp8fnsf] ef/ rf/j6} v'§fdf a/fa/ ePsf] .
 aRrf t'lxg] /]s8{ gePsf] .

 k5fl8kl§ t'ngfTds?kn] k'ms]sf] b]lvg] .
 @ jif{sf] cjlwdf # k6s aRrf hGdfpg ;Sg] .
 h'DNofxf jf ltDNofxf hGd]sf] dWo]af6 x'g'kg]{ .
 cfkmgf kf7f–kf7LnfO{ k|z:t b"w lbg ;Sg] .
 zt k|ltzt jf w]/} kf7fkf7L x'sf{pg] Ifdtf ePsf] .
 hlGdg] a]nfdf sDtLdf @ lsnf]u|fd tf}n ePsf] .
 l56f] l56f] zf/Ll/s j[l4 x'g] vfnsf] jf ^ dlxgfsf] pd]/df !% lsnf]u|fd eGbf
 a9L tf}n x'g] .
 /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf pRr ePsf] .
 ljleGg vfnsf] :yfgLo jftfj/0f;Fu ;lhn} 3'nldn x'g;Sg] .
gsf/fTds 5gf}6sf k|efax?
u|fdL0f If]qdf ckgfpg'kg]{ k|hggsf] ;a}eGbf pQd tl/sf
Jf0f{z+s/ k|hgg /fd|f] x'g] ePsf]n]
Pp6f ufpF / csf]{ ufpF aLr jf
r/0fIf]qdf ayfg gldl;g] ufpF aLr
af]sfx? ;f6f;f6 ub}{ k|hgg u/fpg]
rng rnfpg' ;fx«} pQd x'G5 . -
xf8gftfsf] k|hgg x'g'af6 hf]ufpgsf]
nflu x/]s @–@ aif{df gftf gkg]{
7fFpaf6 af]sfx? ;f6f;f6 u/L k|hgg
u/fpg'k5{ ._
#=#=k|hgg slxn] / s;/L
u/fpg]
 klxnf] k6s afnL nufpFbf af]sfsf]
pd]/ ( dlxgfeGbf a9Lsf] x'g'k5{
 klxnf]k6s ule{0f x'g] afv|Lsf] pd]/
klg ( dlxgf eGbf a9Lsf] x'g' k5{
 b'O{ leGg leGg hftsf afv|fsf]
;+;u{af6 hGd]sf j0f{z+s/ aRrfsf]

aLrdf k|hgg u/fpg]
 cfk;df gftf gkg]{ vfnsf jf leGbfleGb} ufpFsf afv|L / af]sf aLr k|hgg
u/fpg'k5{ .
 pGgt hftsf] af]sf / :yfgLo afv|LaLrsf] k|hggaf6 hGd]sf] 5fGg' k5{ .
#=$=k|hggsf nflu kflng] af]sfsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg
 5'6} vf]/sf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
 aFw'jf k|0ffnLdf x'sf{Og] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ cyjf cnu r/0f If]q x'g'k5{ .
 ;s];Dd lbgsf] #–$ 306f zf/Ll/s cEof; x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . 3fF;, bfgf,
kfgL, k|z:tdfqfdf lbg' k5{ .
 k|To]s $ dlxgfdf /f]ulg/f]ws cf}iflwx? v'jfpg' k5{ .
 ;do–;dodf /f]ula?4sf vf]kx? nufpg' k5{ .
 k|hggsf nflu /flvg] af]sf k|To]s @–@ jif{df x6fO{ ;f]sf] ;66fdf gofF af]sf
Nofpg'k5{ .
#=% ule{0fL afv|Lsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg
 d'Vo ayfgaf6 ule{0fL afv|LnfO{ cnUu} /fVg] .
 aFw'jf–k|0ffnL ckgfO{ kfNg] .
 r/fpg] ePdf ;lhnf] / ;dy/ 7fpFx?df dfq r/fpg] .
 uef{j:yfdf k|ltlbg sl/a @)) u|fd cGg ‑ bfgf_ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
 ;'Ts]/L x'g] cj:yfdf b]lvg] nIf0fx? cjnf]sg ug]{ .
 ;'Ts]/L x'g] qmddf aRrf hGdg @ 306feGbf j9L ;do nfUof] eg] k|fljlwssf]
 ;xof]u lng] .
 3fF; / bfgfkfgL lbFbf lgolGqt tl/sf ckgfpg], o;f] ubf{ eF8fNgf] kms{g]
 ‑ k|f]n]lK;;_ ;Defjgf 365 .
 ;'Ts]/L ePkl5 lbOg] bfgfkfgLsf] dfqf klxnf] lbgaf6 qmdzM a9fpFb} nfg] /
 l;kmfl/; eP cg';f/sf] k"0f{ dfqf 5}7f}+ lbg b]lvdfq lbg] ug'{k5{ .
 ;fngfnnfO{ /fd|f];Fu uf8g'k5{, o;sf nflu slDtdf ! ld6/ ulx/f] vfN8f] vGg]
 / To;}leq ;fngfn /fvL /fd|f];Fu k'g]{ .
 ;fngfn ;'Ts]/L afv|L cfk}+mn] vfPdf To;kl5 b"w pTkfbg sd x'g] / ;Gtfg
 hGdfpg] Ifdtf;d]t sd x'b} hfG5 .

#=^ ev{/ hGd]sf kf7f–kf7Lsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg
 hlGdgf;fy kf7f–kf7LnfO{ ;'Vvf / Gofgf] 7fpFdf nfg] .
 ;kmf / g/d sk8fsf ] ;xfotfn ] gfssf Kjfn / k/' } z/L/ /fdf| ;] uF ;kmf
ul/lbg]
 ev{/ hGd]sf] kf7f–kf7Lsf] k5fl8sf b'a} v'§f ;dfO{ 6fpsf] tn kg]{ u/L prfNg]
 / lj:tf/} lj:tf/} k]08'nd xNn]h:t} $–% k6s otfptf xNnfpg] .
 gfn sf6bf ;kmf / :6]l/nfOh u/]sf] rSs", s}+rL jf An]8 k|of]u ug]{ .
 gfn sf6bf z/L/eGbf @ OGrdflysf] efuaf6 dfq sf6g] .
 sfl6;s]sf] efudf l6~r/ cfof]l8g jf o:t} Pl06;]lK6sx? nufOlbg] .
 sNrf}+8f] / y'gx?nfO{
tftf]kfgLn] ;kmf ug]{ / ;'Sg
lbg] .
 aRrfnfO{ klxnf]k6s b"w r':g
lbg'eGbf klxn] b'j} y'gnfO{ %–
% k6s lgrf]/]/
 afSnf] lauf}tL b"w kmofFSg] .
To;kl5dfq aRrfx?nfO{
oy]i6dfqfdf b"w r'l;/xg
lbg'k5{ .
 Gofgf] / ;'Vvf 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{
/ cGo lx+;|s hLjhGt'af6 hf]ufpg'k5{ .
 kf7f–kf7L @ xKtfsf ePkl5 vfg x'g], g/d / tfultnf] 3fF;x? vfg lj:tf/}
lbg'k5{ .
 To:t} # xKtfsf ePkl5 lj:tf/} c? bfgfkfgL / kf}li6s cfxf/x? klg lbF+b}
ug'{k5{ .
 k|hggsf nflu pko'Qm gx'g] vfnsf kf7fx?nfO{ ! dlxgfsf] pd]/ ePkl5 v;L
kfg'{k5{ .
 kf7f–kf7Lx? # dlxgf pd]/ k'Ugf;fy cfdfaf6 5'6ofP/ /fVg'k5{ .
 k|hggsf nflu /flvg] af]sfnfO{ klg # dlxgfb]lv cGo kf7f–kf7Lx?;Fu g/fvL
5'§} 7fpFdf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .
 kf7f–kf7Lx? ! dlxgfsf ePkl5 klxnf]k6s cfjZos cf}ifwLx? v'jfpg] ‑ 8«]l~rª

ug]{ ug'{k5{ .
 xNsf vfnsf] a|'; ‑ sfk]{6 a|';_ n] b}lgs?kdf kf7f–kf7LnfO{ sf]/]/ ;kmf ug]{
ug'{k5{ .
 cfjZostfg';f/ a]nfa]nfdf v'/ klg sfl6lbg'k5{ .
#=&=v;L kfg]{
v;L kfbf{ hlxn] klg bIf k|flalwssf] ;xof]uaf6 kfg'{ k5{ . ;fy} v'Nnf tl/sfaf6 v;L
gkf/L ;w} aGb tl/sf cyf{t g;f RofKg] k4ltaf6 g} vl; kfg'k5{ .
v;L kfbf{ Wofg lbg'{kg]{ s'/fx?
 Kff7f] ! dlxgfsf] x'gf;fy v;L kfg'k5{
 v;L kfg'{ eGbf cl3 g} To;sf nfuL clt cfaZos a:t' / pks/0fx? 7Ls kfg]{ .
 PlG6;]lK6s k|of]u u/]/ af]l8{hf]–Sof:6]6/ / v;L kfg]{ dfG5]sf] xft /fd|f];Fu ;kmf
ug]{ .
 Kff7f]nfO{ /fd|f];Fu cF7ofP/ ;dfpg]
 c08sf]ifnfO{ a'9L cf}nf / dflxnL cf}nf k|of]u u/]/ la:tf/} tGsfpg] .
 z'qmaflxgL gnL kQf
nufO{ /fd|f] ;Fu ;dfP/
5]pkl§ Nofpg] .
 RofKg' kg]{ gzfdf al8{hf]–
Sof:6]6/ /flv;s]kl5
;fgf y'g ePsf] 7fFp
eGbf -½_ cfwf OGr tn
l7s 7fFpdf /fvL @)
;]s]G8hlt RofKg]
 To;kl5 ToxL gzfsf]
sl/a rf}yfO{ OGr -)=@%_
tnaf6 af]l8{hf]/fvL /fd|f] ;Fu RofKg]
 o;/L Psfkl§sf] g;f RoflklbPkl5 l7s To:t} k|lqmof ckgfO{ csf]{kl§sf] gzf klg
b'O{ k6s Roflklbg] .
 g;f Roflk;s]kl5 Tof] efudf ;kmf skf; / l6gr/ cfof]l8g jf cGo PlG6;]lK6s
nufO{lbg] .

#=* af“emf]kg
afv|L jo:s eO{;s] kl5 ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{ ;Ifd x'g' kb{5 . t/ s'g} sf/0fn] ubf{
afv|Ln] ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{ ;Sb}g eg] To;nfO{ af“emf]kg elgG5 . af“emf]kg laleGg
sf/0fn] ubf{ x'G5 .
afv|fdf af“emf]kg cfpg'sf sf/0fx?M
s'kf]if0fM
jo:s ePkl5 afv|Lsf]] Ct'rqm z'? x'G5 . Ct'rqm lgoldt ?kdf x'gsf] nflu zlQm,
k|f]l6g, le6fldg tyf ljleGg vlgh tTjx?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . oL vfB kbfy{x?
pko'Qm dfqfdf gkfPdf afv|Lsf] k|hgg c+usf] /fd|f] ljsf; x'b}g . h;n] ubf{ afv|Ldf
jf“emf]kg cfpg ;S5 .
;+qmfds /f]ux?M
ljleGg lsl;dsf hLjf0f', ljiff0f', 9';L, k|f]6f]hf]jfx?sf] ;+qmd0fn] ubf{ k|hgg c+udf
laleGg /f]ux? nfUg ;Sb5g . tL dWo] sltko cfxf/f, ;+;u{, :jf;– k|Zjf; / of}g
;+ks{af6 ;b{5g . t;y{ k|hgg u/fp“bf lg/f]uL af]sfaf6 dfq u/fpg' kb{5 .
cfGtl/s k/hLljM
afv|fx?df ljleGg cfGtl/s k/hLljx? nfUb5g . cfGtl/s k/hLljn] afv|fx?sf] /ut
/ kf}li6s tTj r';]/ vfO{lbG5g h;n] ubf{ z/L/df kf}li6s tTjsf] sdL x'g hfG5 /
af“emf]kg /xg ;S5 .
;dodf af]sf glbg'M
;fwf/0ftof afv|Ln]] efn] vf]h]sf] lglZrt ;dodf efn] ld;fPdf ue{ /xg] kSsf x'G5 .
t/ slxn]sxL“ xfdLn] 7Ls ;dodf af]sf ld;fpg ;s]gf} eg] klg af“emf]kg x'g ;S5 .
Ps} lbgdf Pp6} af]sf w]/};“u ld;fpg'M
Pp6f af]sfn] ! lbgdf @ j6f eGbf a9L afv|LnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;Sb}g . olb Ps}
lbgdf @ j6f eGbf w]/} afv|LnfO{{ Pp6} af]sf];“u ld;fO{of] eg] ue{ g/xg klg ;S5 .
Aff“emf]kg /f]syfdsf pkfox?M
af“emf]kg /f]syfdsf] nflu ;j{k|yd t s] sf/0fn] ubf{ af“emf]kg cfPsf] xf] ;f] kQf
nufpg' kb{5 / ;f]xL sf/0f cg';f/sf pkfox? ckgfpg' kb{5 .

 afv|fsf]] z/L/sf] pko'Qm ljsf;sf] nflu ljleGg kf}li6s tTjx? h:t}M le6fdLg /
vlgh tTjx? cfjZos kg]{ x'gfn] afv|f cfxf/df Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .
 afv|fx?nfO{ lbgx'“ kf}li6s o'QmM bfgfkfgL v'jfpg] ug{' kb{5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf
;+qmfds /f]u nfu]df t'?Gt To;sf] lg/fs/0f ul/ xfNg' kb{5 .
 afv|fx?nfO{ lgoldt cfGtl/s k/hLlj lj?4sf] cf}iflw v'jfpg' kb{5 .
 kf7]3/sf] ;+qmd0f ePsf] v08df kz' k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfx lnO{ pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
$=cfxf/ Joj:yfkg
afv|fnfO{ v'jfpg] bfgfkfgL 3fF;kftnfO{ g} cfxf/f elgG5 .
$=!=afv|fsf] nfuL cfxf/
afv|fnfO{ 3fF; lbg] 7fFpdf hlxn]klg 3fF;x? tyf :ofpnf jf cGo afnLgfnLsf 8fF7,
e';, sf];fsf af]qmf, 9'6f] cfbL h:tf rLhlah vfnL gu/L /fvLlbg'k5{ . ;fy} kfgL
vfg] efF8fdf ;w} kfgL /fvL lbg'k5{ . /fd|f] pTkfbg lngsf] nfuL bfgf / kfgLsf]
dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf x'G5 . To:t} ule{0fL afv|fsf] cfxf/, bfgfaf6 k'lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
 ;s];Dd rf}aL;} 306f
afv|fn] 3fF; vfg] 7fFpdf
xl/of] 3fF; x'g'k5{ .
 pknAw x'g ;S5 eg]
nj0fsf nflu vlghsf]
l9Ssf v'jfpg' k5{ .
 g'g tyf cGo nj0fx?
;s];Dd xKtfsf] Ps k6s
v'jfpg' k5{
 ;kmf kfgL k|z:t dfqfdf lkpg lbg' k5{ .
 @% lsnf] jf ;f]eGbf a9L tf}n ePsf] afv|fnfO{ b}lgs sl/a @%) u|fd bfgf
v'jfpg'k5{ .

$=@ ;Gt'lnt bfgf agfpg] t/Lsf
tnsf] t/Lsfdf b]vfP cg'?k w]/} lsl;dsf cGg
afnL tyf bfnafnLx? ld;fpg ;s]df bfgf w]/}
/fd|f] x'G5 . tof/ kfl/Psf] bfgfdf bfnsf] ;f6f]
lkgf /flvPdf / ;'Vvf ?kdf v'jfPdf lkgf
ld;fpg' eGbf klxnf dl;gf] kf/L clgafo{ ?kdf
e'6g' k5{ . t/ kmf8f] agfPdf e'6g cfaZos
kb}g .
;Gt'lnt bfgfsf] dfqf M
7'nf] afv|f M ½ dfgf
ule{0fL afv|f M ! dfgf
Jof8] af]sf M ! dfgf
$=#= vlghsf] l9Ssf agfpg] t/Lsf
x/]s lhaLt k|f0fLnfO{ af“Rg tyf zl//sf] a[l4 lasf; / pTkfbgsf nflu laleGg vfB
tTjsf] cfjZos kb{5 . h'g kf]ifs tTjx? afv|fx?n] 3fF;kft / bfgfaf6 k|fKt
ul//x]sf x'G5g . afv|fx?nfO{ laleGg cj:yfdf laleGg kf]ifs tTjsf] cfjZostf kb{5
. 3f“; / bfgfaf6 k'/f x'g g;s]sf t/ zl//nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ vlgh kl/k"lt{ ug{sf
nflu ljleGg lrhx? ld;fO{ agfO{{Psf] 8NnfnfO{ g} vlghsf] l9Ssf elgG5 .
z/L/df vlghsf] sld ePdf b]lvg] ljleGg nIf0fx? M
 afv|f ga9g] / n'nf] n·8f] x'G5 .
 vfPsf] vfgf /fd|f];+u krfpg ;Sb}g .
 z/L/df /utsf] dfqf sd x'G5 -afv|fsf] z/L/sf] /+u km/s x'G5 ._
 ;dodf afnL nfUb}g .
 afv|fn] df6f] jf sfuh vfg] ub{5 .
 ue{df /x]sf] aRrfsf] /fd|f] a[l4 ljsf; x'b}g .
s] s] ld;fpg]M
;fwf/0ftof afv|fnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ nj0fx? k"lt{ ug{ tn lbOPsf] j:t' ld;fpg
;lsG5 .

 c08fsf] af]qmf % j6f -SofN;Lod / km;kmf]/; kfO{G5_
 /ftf]df6f] ! dfgf -kmnfd kfO{G5_
 g'g ! dfgf -;f]l8od / Snf]/fO{8 kfO{G5_
 d}bf !÷@ dfgf -5 eg]_
 kfgL cfjZos dfqfdf
agfpg] tl/sfM
 cfjZos ;fdfu|L hDdf ug]{ .
 /ftf] df6f]nfO{ dl;gf] kf/L lk:g] -lk+Wg],
5fGg]_ / Ps dfgf 5'§fofpg]
 c08fsf] af]qmfnfO{ cfuf]df /ftf] x'g] ul/
kf]Ng] jf ;]sfpg] tfsL lk;]/ dl;gf]
kfg{ ;lhnf] xf]; .
 g'g w'nf] eP Ps dfgf jf 8Nnf eP
lk;]/ Ps dfgf 5'6ofpg] .
 d}bf eP !÷@ dfgf 5'§fofO{ ;a}nfO{ Ps}
7fp“df /fd|f] ;+u ld;fpg] .
 /fd|f];+u ldl;Pkl5 yf]/} yf]/} kfgL /fVb}
ld>0fnfO{ d'5g] / cfjZostf -OR5f_ cg'?ksf] 8Nnf kfg]{ .
 aLrdf Kjfn jgfpg] tfsL 8f]/Lsf] ;xfotfn] em'08fpg ;lhnf] xf]; .
 tof/ ePsf] 8NnfnfO{ z'?df 5xf/Ldf ;'sfpg] / kl5 3fddf ;'sfpg' kb{5 .
 o;/L tof/ ePsf] vlgh l9Ssf afv|fnfO{ r6fpg ;lsG5 .
;fjwfgLM
 z'?df afv|fnfO{ afgL kfg{ cln ufx«f] x'G5
. To;}n] cfkm}n] r6fpg] sf]lz; ug'{ k5{ .
 g'lgnf] ePsf]n] ;''?df afv|fn] rkfP/
km'6fpg klg ;S5 . t/ lj:tf/} rf6g]
afgL ;'? x'G5 .
w]/} vfP/ la/fdL k/]sf] nIf0f
 d'v jl/kl/ ufh lkm+h b]lvg]

 afFofkl§sf] e'l8 km'n]sf] b]lvg]
 dflQPh:tf] Jojxf/ b]vfpg]
pkrf/
 l9Ssf vfg /flvlbPsf] 7fFpaf6 x6fpg]
 k|;:t kfgLdf em08} cfwf ln6/ cldnf] ld;fP/ v'nfpg] .
$=$=lauf}tL b'wsf] dxTj
afv|f JofPsf] klxnf] lbg b]lv s]lx lbg -#–$ lbg_ ;Dd cfpg] b"wnfO{ ljuf}tL b"w
elgG5 . gjhft lzz'sf] nflu of] b"w w]/} dxTjk'0f{ cfxf/ xf] . To;sf/0f lzz'nfO{
hGd]sf] $ lbg ;Dd ljuf}tL b"w pknAw u/fpg' clt cfjZos x'G5 . lauf}tL b"w s]lx
lbg kl5 qmda4 ?kn] x/fpb} hfG5 .
ljuf}tL b"w v'jfPdf s] kmfO{bf x'G5 <
 /f]u;+u n8g ;Sg] Ifdtf k|fKt ;S5 , h;n] ubf{ /f]u sd nfU5 .
 k|f]l6g -kf]lifnf] a:t'_ w]/} x'G5 .
 le6fldg al9 x'G5 .
 ev{/ hGd]sf] kz'sf] k]6 leq ePsf] lb;f lgsfN5 .
 /fd|f] ;+u a9g ;S5 .
 kl5uP/ ;dodf g} afnL nfU5g .
 kf7f–kf7Ln] b"w r';] kl5 dfpsf] ;fn /fd|/L em5{ .
 7"nf] ePkl5 pTkfbg al9 lbG5 .
ljuf}tL b"w gv'jfPdf
 /f]u ;+u n8g] Ifdtf sd x'G5 .
 lbzf -sAhLot_ uf]6f k5{ .
 dfpn] ;fn /fd|/L emfg{ ;Sb}g .
 /fd|f] ;+u a9g ;Sb}g .
 7"nf] ePkl5 /fd|f] pTkfbg lbg ;Sb}gg .
dfp d/]/ lauf}lt b"w gePdf s] ug]{ <
;fdfGo b"w / c08fsf] ld>0f agfpg], h;sf] tl/sf tn lbOPsf] 5 .

 #)) Pd= Pn= ;fdfGo b"w lng] -;kmf_
 ;kmf kfgL @)) Pd= Pn= pdfn]/ dgtftf] ePkl5 b"wdf ld;fpg] .
 Pp6f s'v'/fsf] c08fnfO{ km'6fP/ ld;fpg] .
 /fd|/L ld;fPkl5 b"wbfgLsf] ;xfotfn] v'jfpg] .
$=%=e6df;sf] b"w agfpg] tl/sfM
 e6df;nfO{ /fd|f];“u g89g] ul/ e'6g]
 e'6]sf] e6df;nfO{ gfªnf]df xNsf lkg]/ af]qmf
x6fpg] .
 tof/L e6df;nfO{ ;kmf;“u lk;]/ w'nf] agfpg] .
 kfgL pdfn]/ ;kmf ef“8f]df ;]nfpg]
 ;]nfPsf] ! dfgf -# lrof lunf;_ kfgLdf ! k;/
e6df;sf] w'nf] /fVg]
 /fd|/L 3f]n]/ tof/ ul/Psf] e6df;sf] b"wnfO{
af]tnsf] ;xfotfn] jf b"w bfgLdf /fvL v'jfpg] .
 Ps k6s agfPsf] e6df;sf] b'w $ 306f eGbf
al9 g/fVg] . km]l/ v'jfpg' k/]df csf]{ k6s k]ml/
agfpg] .
%=kfrg k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?
 vfgfdf ?lr gb]vfpg]
 k]6 km'Ng]
 kvnf nfUg] ÷sAhLot x'g]
 ckr x'g]
 laiffQm x'g]
^=ef]h et]/df kmflnPsf vfg]s'/f al9 vfPdf b]vfkg]{ ;d:ox?
 Uof; pTkGg x'g], k]6 km'Ng]
 ;f; km]g{ cK7f/f] x'g]
 l56f] l56f] yf]/} yf]/} lk;fa ug]{
 s/fpg] / 56k6fpg]

 lb;f ubf{ ufx«f] x'g]
 3l/3l/ e'O{df n8g]
pkrf/ ljlw
 pkrf/sf nfuL :yflgo ?kdf pknAw ljleGg j:t'x?sf] k|of]u ug]{ h:t} M lx+u,
vfg] ;f]8f, ufFhf, cb'af, tf]/Lsf] t]n, l6d'/ cfbL
 DoUg]l;od ;Nkm]6 k|of]u ug]{
 ;dod} :yflgo k|fljlws jf u|fdL0f kz' :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ ;+u ;Dks{ u/L pkrf/
ug]{ .
&=3fF;kftaf6 x'g] ljifsf] c;/ / pkrf/
s]lx ljiffn' 3fF;kftx?
w]/} vfnsf afnL, 3fF;kft tyf 8fn] 3fF;x?df ljiffn' tTj /xg] u5{ . To:tf a:t'
vfPdf afv|fnfO{ laifn] c;/ kfb5{ . sltko afnL, af]6la?jf / 3fF;kft w]/} slnnf]
ca:yfdf v'jfpFbf ljiffn' k|s[ltsf x'G5g h:t} h} 3fF;, ux'F, ds}, h'g]nf], ds}r/L,
:jL; Snf]e/, ;]tf] Snf]e/, /ftf] Snf]e/ cflb . oL 3fF;x? slnnf] cj:yfdf v'jfOof]
eg] gfO{6]«6 gfds ljifsf] c;/ ub5{ .
ljif nfUbf b]lvg] nIf0fx?
 d'vj/Lkl/ ufFh el/g]
 k]6 b'Vg], 56k6fpg]
 ule{0fL afv|fn] ljiffn' 3fF; vfbf ue{ t'lxg] ;Defagf al9 x'g;S5
 df+zk];L al9 v'DrLg]
 yf]/} yf]/} lk;fa ug]{
 b"wsf] dfqf 36fpg]
 b]a]|kl§sf] e'8L km'n]sf] b]lvg]
pkrf/ s;/L ug]{
 ldyfOlng An'–@) gfds cf}iflw $) ld=ln=lbgsf] rf/k6s gzfaf6 ;'O{ lbg] .
 t/n cf}iflwx? v'nfpg]

cFu]/L, bz{glkkn,gLnf] km'Ng] uGw], wf]qm], cf?kft], /ftf] lzl/; vfPdf
nfUg] ljif
 d'v jl/kl/ ufFh el/g]
 k]6 b'Vg], 5§k6fpg]
 ule{0fL afv|fn] ljiffn' 3fF; vfbf ue{ t'lxg] ;Defagf a9L x'g;S5 .
 df+zk];L a9L v'DrLg]
 yf]/} yf]/} lk;fa ug]{
 b'wfn' afv|f ePdf b"wsf] dfqf 36fpg]
 b]a]|kl§sf] e'8L km'n]sf] b]lvg]
pkrf/
 k|lt ao:s afv|f # b]lv % ln6/ kfgL v'jfpg] .
 k|lt ao:s afv|f vfgf ksfpg] t]n @%) ld=ln= sf b/n] v'jfpg] .
 cldnf] !)) ld=ln= nfO{ cfwf ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|lt ao:s afv|fnfO{ v'jfpg] .
 @–% lrof rDrf DofUg]l;od ;Nkm]6 #)) ld=ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ ao:s afv|fnfO{
v'nfpg] .

*=5]/f}6L
nuftf/ kftnf] kfgL h:tf] lb;f cfpg'nfO{ 5]/f}6L elgG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf z/L/af6
w]/} dfqfdf kfgL lg:sf;g
x'g] xF'bf ;dodf g} pkrf/
ug'{ k5{ .
sf/0fx?
 vfgf vfg] 7fFpm /
jftfj/0fdf cfsl:ds
kl/jt{g ePdf .
 w]/} k|f]l6gldl>t vfB
kbfy{ vfPdf .
 ljiffn' 3fF; vfPdf .
 cfGt/Ls k/hLlax?sf]
sf/0f .
pkrf/ s;/L ug]{
 g]Anf]g kfp8/ / ;Nkmf
au{sf cf}iflw;Fu} k|of]u
ug]{ .
 olb cfGtl/s k/lhlasf
sf/0faf6 5]/f}6L nfu]sf]
xf] eg] To;sf] nfuL
cf}iflw v'nfpg] .
 vf]/ j/Lkl/sf] jftfa/0f,
e'O{– kfgL cfbLsf] ;/–
;kmfO{ / :jf:Yodf al9
hf]8 lbg] .
 z/L/df kfgLsf] dfqf sd x'g] x'bf ;f]sf] nflu hLjghn agfO{ v'jfpg], hLjghn
agfpbf %)) ld=ln kfgLdf ! lrof rDrf g'g / # lrof rDrf lrgL /fVg] .
 ;fy} :yflgo kz' :jfYo k|fljlwssf] k/fdz{ / ;xof]u lng] .

(= /f]uL tyf lg/f]uL afv|fx? aLr leGgtf
s'g} klg afv|fdf ltgLx?sf] zf/Ll/s agfj6 ;Gt'lnt 5 / z/L/df s'g} lsl;dsf
ljs[ltx? ge} ;Dk"0f{ c+ux?n] ug{' kg]{ sfo{ ;'rf? ?kn] ul//x]sf 5g eg] To:tf
afv|fnfO{ xfdL :j:y afv|f eGb5f} . s'g} klg afv|fsf]] zf/Ll/s ;+/rgfdf ljs[lt k}bf
x'g', z/L/sf c+ux?n] ug{'kg]{ sfd ;'rf? ?kn] gug{' / afv|fsf] c;fdfGo cj:yf
b]lvG5 eg] To:tf afv|fnfO{ xfdL /f]uL afv|f eGb5f} . tn tflnsfdf :j:Yo / /f]uL
afv|f aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ k|:6ofO{Psf] 5 .
lg/f]uL÷:j:Yo afv|fsf nIf0fx? /f]uL afv|fsf nIf0fx?
▪ :j:Yo afv|fsf] z/L/ km"lt{nf],
cf“vf t]lhnf], rlDsnf] / rgfvf]
x'G5 .
▪ sfg 7f8f] , 5fnf lrNnf] / g/d,
y't'gf] /l;nf] -kl;gfsf yf]kf
h:tf]_ b]lvG5, sfg tyf k'R5/
nuftf/ rnfO{/xg] x'G5 .
▪ afv|fn] 3f“;, k/fn /fd|/L vfG5,
pu|fpg] k|lqmof ;fwf/0f rln/xG5,
uf]a/df s'g} kl/jt{g cfp“b}g
▪ ;f; km]bf{ cfjfh aflx/ lg:sg'
x'b}g . ;f; km]bf{ s'g} c;lhnf]
dx;'; gePsf] .
▪ gf8Lsf] ult, tfkqmd tyf k]6sf]
rfn ;fwf/0f x'G5 .
▪ ayfgaf6 cnu} a:g], lx8bf ;a} eGbf k5f8L
/xg], emf]qmfpg] .
▪ y't'gf] ;'Vvf x'g], /f}+x? lhlu|· kg]{, 5fnf
v;|f] / s8f x'g] sfg tnlt/ nqfpg],
cf“vfaf6 cf“;' aufO{/xg] .
▪ vfg sd vfg] jf vfb} gvfg], gp3|fp“g],
vf]Sg], 5]g]{ tyf lbzf df kl/jt{g -slxn]
;fx«f], lunf] tyf slAhot_ x'g] tyf g/fd|f]
lsl;dsf] uGw cfpg] .
▪ lk;fa aGb x'g], sd jf al9 cfpg], lk;fasf]
/+udf kl/jt{g x'g], lk;fa ubf{ afv|fn] b'v]sf]
cg'ej u/] h:tf] nIf0f b]vfpg] .
▪ Zjf; k|Zjf; k|s[of rf“8f] rf“8f] x'g], gf8Lsf]
ult, :jf; k|:jf; tyf tfkqmd ;fwf/0f x'g'
kg]{ eGbf sd jf a9L x'g] cfbL .

!)=k|d'v ;?jf /f]ux?
afv|fsf d'Vo ;+qmfds /f]ux? / ltgLx?sf nIf0f tyf /f]syfd
qm=;+ /f]usf] gfd nIf0f /f]syfd /f]uL kz'sf] lrq
!= vf]/]t - afv|fnfO{ PSsf;L Hj/f] cfpg] !)^–
!)& l8= km= bfgfkfgL gvfg], d'v /
v'/sf sfkdf ;–;fgf vl6/f cfpg],
cf]7 / lha|f]df vl6/f cfpg], ¥ofn
sf9g], ¥ofn 8f]/Lsf] cfsf/df e'O{
;Dd nqg], lha|f] aflx/ lgsfNg],
lx88'n ug{ g;Sg], ule{0fL afv|f
ePdf t'lxg]
- /f]u al9 b]lvg] 7fFpdf ^.^
dlxgfdf vf]/]t lj?4 vf]k
nufpg], vf]/]t nfu]sf] dfpsf]
b'w kf7f kf7LnfO{ vfg glbg] .
vf]/]t /f]u nfu]sf] afv|f vl/b
ul/ gNofpg], tyf To;
k|sf/sf afv|f Ps csf]{ If]qdf
k|j]z ug{ lgif]wf1f nufpg] .
@= lk= lk=
cf/=
- 7'nf] Hj/f] cfpg] .
- emf]lqmg] / gfs d'v ;'Vvf x'g] .
- gfsaf6 l;+ufg / cf“vfaf6 kfgL
aufp“g] .
- luhf / cf]7df 3f“p b]lvg] .
- Hj/f] cfPsf] !–@ lbg kl5 5]/f}6L
;'? x'g] .
– lk= lk= cf/= /f]u la?4
EofS;Lg nufpg] -e]6g/L
xl:ktn tyf kz' ;]jf lj1
s]Gb|df ;Dks{ /fvL_ .
– d/]sf] afv|fnfO{ vf8n vgL
uf8L lbg] .
– lk= lk= cf/= sf] Zf+sf nfUgf
;fy glhs}sf] kz' ;]jf
sfof{nodf va/ ug]{ .

!!=k/hLlj
;fdfGotof k/hLlj eGgfn] csf{sf] e/df afFRg] eGg] a'lemG5 . s'g} k|f0fL of hLj
h;nfO{ afFRgsf] nflu csf]{] k|f0fLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 To;nfO{ k/hLlj elgG5 .
k/hLljnfO{ d'Vo @ efudf laefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
!=cfGtl/s k/hLlj M
@ afxo k/hLlj
!!=!=cfGtl/s k/hLlj M afv|fsf] z/L/sf] leqL efudf -k]6, cfGb|f, sn]hf], kmf]S;f]_ a;]/
afv|fn] vfPsf] kf}li6s tTj / /ut r':g] ub{5 . cfGtl/s k/hLljx? laleGg ls;Ldsf
x'G5g . tL dWo] s]lx k|d'v k/hLljx? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g .
gfDn]÷df6] kl/ro M
gfDn]÷df6], e]8f, afv|fdf klg nfUg] cfGtl/s k/hLlj xf] . of] k/hLlj g]kfnsf] h'g;'s}
efudf klg kfO{G5 . of] /f]un] g]kfnsf cToflws afv|fnfO{ ;tfPsf] 5 .
gfDn]÷df6]sf] hLjg rqm M
 afv|fsf] sn]hf]df ao:s gfDn]
x'G5 / ToxL c08f kf5{ .
 c08f lkQ y}nL x'b} ;fgf]
cfGb|df cfP/ uf]a/;u} ldl;O{
a:5g / afv|fn] lb;f ubf{
aflx/ lg:s5g .
 lr:ofg ePsf] a]nf c08faf6
nfef{ eO{ z+v] sL/fdf l5b{5g
/ ljsl;t x'G5g .
 z+v] sL/faf6 ljsl;t eO{
aflx/ lg:sG5g / ltgLx?
3f+;df 6f+l;P/ a:5g .
 afv|fn] 3f+; vf+bf 6fF;LPsf] nfef{ klg vfG5g .

 Tof] nfef{ cfGb|fdf ljs;Lt eO{ /utåf/f sn]hf]df k'U5 / ao:s eO{ c08f kfg{ yfN5
. o;/L gfDn]sf] hLjg rqm k"/f x'G5 .
gfDn] nfu]sf] nIf0f M
 afv|f /fd|/L a9b}g .
 3fF; /fd|f] ;+u vfb}g .
 sf]vf psfl;b}g .
 la:tf/} b'Anfpb} hfG5 .
 df6f] rf65 .
 cf+vfsf] sf]if ;]tf] x'G5 .
 slxn] 5]5{ / slxn] uf]6f kg]{ x'G5 .
 Rofk' ;'lgg ;S5 .
 clGtddf xf8 5fnfdfq /xG5 .
/f]syfd M
 $÷$ dlxgfdf can]G8fhf]n @)) Pd=lh= cyjf km]ga]G8fhf]n !%) Pd=lh= gfds
cf}ifwL !% s]=hL=sf] afv|fnfO{ ! 6]An]6 v'jfpg] .
 aw'jf kfNg] .
 z+v]sL/fnfO{ lgd"{n kfg{ sf]l;; ug]{ .
cfGt/Ls k/hLjsf] pkrf/ / lgoGq0f ljlw M
 afv|fsf] a8Sof}nf÷lb;fsf] lgoldt k|of]uzfnf kl/If0f u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5
 l;kmfl/; ul/Psf cf}iflwx? aif{df # k6s v'jfpg] ug'{ k5{
 k/hLlj af]Sg] dfWodx? h:t} z+v]ls/f, 9fk÷bnbnn] / a9tf lr;f] hldgdf a9L
kfO{g] x'Fbf To:tf] 7fFpdf afv|fnfO{ r/fpg n}hfg' x'b}g
 k/fn v'jfpg} kg]{ xf] eg] wfg yGSofPsf] sDtLdf ^ dlxgf ePkl5 dfq To:tf] k'/fgf]
k/fn v'jfpg'k5{ .

!@=uf]nf] h'sf
3/kfn'jf afv|fdf cg]s k|sf/sf uf]nf h'sfx? kfO{G5g . ;a} k|sf/sf uf]nf h'sfx?
afv|fsf] :jf:Yosf] nflu xflgsf/s x'G5g . oL h'sfx? nfdf / uf]nfsf/ x'g] ePsf]n]
logLx?nfO{ uf]nf] h'sf elgG5 . s'g} h'sfx? k]lG;n hlt df]6f x'G5g eg] s'g} wfuf] hlt
kftnf] x'G5g . s'g} h'sfx? vfnL cf“vfn] b]Vg g;lsg] x'G5g . uf]nf] h'sfnfO{ b'O{
pk;d"xdf af“8g ;lsG5
!_ ;fgf] uf]nf] h'sf
@_ 7"nf] uf]nf] h'sf
!_ ;fgf] uf]nf] h'sf
oL h'sfx? afv|fsf] k]6df, ;fgf] cfGb|fdf jf kmf]S;f]df a:5g . t/ ;a} k|sf/sf ;fgf
uf]nf h'sfsf] hLjg rqm k'/f x'gsf] nflu gfDn]sf] h:tf] s'g} dWojtL{ cf>ostf{sf]
cfjZostf kb}{g .
h'sfsf] hLjg rqmM
hgfj/sf] k]6 / cfGb|fdf jo:s h'sfx? x'G5g . kf]yL h'sfn] hgfj/sf] kfrg gnL leq
c;+Vo km'n kfb{5, h'g uf]a/ ;+u}
afv|fsf] zl// aflx/ lg:sG5g .
pko{'Qm jftfj/0f kfPsf] v08df oL
km'nx? nfef{df kl/0ft x'G5g .
nfef{x? ljleGg cj:yf kf/ ub}{
glhs}sf 3f“;kftdf 6f“l;G5g .
afv|fn] 3f“;kft vf“bf jf o:tf nfef{
ePsf] uf]a/af6 b'lift ePsf] dfpsf]
y'gaf6 kf7f kf7Ln] b'w r':bf oL
nfef{x? afv|fsf] k]6df k'Ub5g . afv|fsf] k]6df k'u]sf oL nfef{x? s]xL kl/jt{g kZrft
jo:s eO{ afv|fsf] kfrggnLdf km'n kfb{5g . ;fgf] uf]nf] h'sfsf] k|sf]k e]8f÷afv|fdf
al9 b]lvG5 / ;fgf pd]/sf afv|fx? al9 k|efljt x'G5g .

nIf0fM
 afv|fn] 5]g]{, c?rL x'g], afv|f sdhf]/ x'b} hfg] .
 h'sfn] /ut r';]sf] sf/0f /Qm cNktf x'g] / cf“vfsf] sf]if lkmSsf u'nfaL x'g' kg]{df
;]tf] jf lkmSsf kx]nf] x'g] .
 s'g} s'g} afv|fsf] Rofk' d'lgsf] 5fnfdf kfgL hd]/ ;'lgg ;S5 .
7"nf] uf]nf] h'sf
jo:s h'sf afv|fsf] ;fgf] cfGb|fdf /xG5 . jo:s afv|fnfO{ eGbf ;fgf] pd]/sf
afv|fx?nfO{ o;n] a9L c;/ ub{5 .
nIf0f
 zf/Ll/s a[l4 tyf ljsf; sd x'g]
 afv|f sdhf]/ x'b} hfg] .
 /f}+ 7f8f / 5fnf km';|f] x'g] .
 ;'?df afv|fn] 5]g]{ / kl5 uP/ afv|fnfO{ slAhot x'g ;Sg] .
 k]6 km'Ng], afv|f nDk;f/ k/]/ ;'lt/xg] / b"w gvfg] .
/f]syfd
 afv|fnfO{ lgoldt ?kdf cf}ifwL v'jfpg] .
 olb dfp afv|fnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofPsf] 5 eg] aRrfnfO{ dfp;+u n;k; ug{ glbO{ afv|fsf]
pkrf/ ug]{ .
 afv|f a:g] 7fpF ;kmf;'U3/ /fVg] .

!#= lkmQ] h'sf
kl/ro
lkmQ] h'sf nfdf], RofK6f] v08 v08 k/]sf] ;]tf] jf xNsf kx]nf] /+usf] x'G5 . k|foM of]
afv|fsf] cfGb|fdf a:5 . slxn] sfFxL afv|fx?sf] uf]a/;“u} lkmQ] h'sfsf] v08x? aflx/
cfpg] ub{5 .
hLjg rqm
lkmQ] h'sfnfO{ hLjg
rqm k"/f ug{ b'O{
lsl;dsf] cf>obftfsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . hjfg
lkmQ]h'sfx? dWojtL{
cf>obftfdf kfgLsf]
y}nLsf] ?kdf x'G5 eg]
jo:s lkmQ]h'sf d'Vo
cf>obftfdf s'g} c;/
lagf /x]sf] x'G5 .
lu8÷kmgkmg] /f]u s] xf] <
of] lkmQ] h'sfsf] sf/0faf6 e]8f÷afv|fdf b]lvg] ;d:of xf] . lkmQ] h'sfsf c08fx? s's'/,
:ofn, Ajf;f], dflg;sf] lb;faf6 3f“;kftdf n;k; x'G5g . olb afv|fn] To:tf] 3fF;kft
vfP eg] c08fx? afv|fsf] cfGb|fdf k'u]/ km'65g / nfef{df kl/0ft x'G5g / nfef{n] l;:6
agfpg yfNb5 . obL tL l;:6 e]8f÷afv|fsf] lubLdf k'u]df ltgn] lubL jl/kl/sf tGt'x?
gi6 ug]{ x'gfn] kmgkmg] /f]u nfUb5 .
nIf0fx?
 e]8f afv|fx? 6fpsf] Psflt/ 9NsfP/ kmgkmgL 3'Db} lx8g] .
 af/Daf/ g/fd|f] u/L s/fpg] .
 rSs/ nufP/ 3'Dg] .

 6fpsf] prfnL /fVg] .
 d'5f{ kg]{ .
 lkm+h sf8g] .
 sDd/df kIf3ft eO{ k5f8Lsf] efu p7fpg g;Sg] .
 olb l;:6sf] c;/ cf“vfdf k/]df afv|f cGwf] x'g] .
/f]syfd
 $÷$ dlxgfdf cfGtl/s k/lhjL la?4 e]8f afv|fnfO{ cf}ifwL v'jfpg] .
 v;L sf6bf e]l6Psf kfgLkmf]sf -l;:6_ s's'/nfO{ vfg glbg] . To;nfO{ uf8g] jf
hnfpg] .
 e]8f afv|fdf /f]syfdsf] nflu s's'/nfO{ #÷# dlxgfdf cf}ifwL v'jfpg] .
 lgoldt uf]a/ kl/If0f u/L /f]syfd ug]{ .
 dflg;df ;g]{ lkmQ] h'sfaf6 aRgsf] nflu /fd|f];“u ksfPsf] df;' dfq vfg] .
 dflg;sf] lbzf ePsf] 7fp“df afv|fx?nfO{ rg{ glbg] .
!$=jfxo k/hLljsf] pkrf/ tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfox? M
afv|fsf] aflx/L z/L/df /x]/ /ut
r':g], 5fnfdf 6f]s]/ 3fp kfg]{ /
afv|fdf ljleGg y/Lsf /f]u pTkGg
u/fO{ cfÇgf] hLjg lgjf{x ug]{
k/hLljnfO{ afxo k/hLlj elgG5 .
s'g} afxo k/hLljn] cfkm} afv|fdf
/f]u pTkGg u5{g eg] s'g}n] cGo
/f]uL afv|faf6 lg/f]uLdf /f]u ;fg]{
sfd ub{5g .
 afv|fsf] vf]/sf] lgoldt
;/;kmfO{ x'g'{k5{
 ljleGg l;kmfl/; ul/Psf
cf}iflwx? ld;fOosf] kfgLn]

g'xfO{lbg] jf aif{sf] @ k6s 8'afpg]
 a'|;n] /f} sf]/Llbg] ugf{n] klg k/hLljsf c08f / ao:s lgoGq0f ug{ ;3fp k'U5
h'd|fM
h'd|f afv|fdf nfUg] Ps lsl;dsf] k/hLlj xf] . h'd|fsf] ^ j6f v'§f x'G5g / afv|fsf] /f}+ w]/}
ePsf] efusf] 5fnfdf 6f“l;P/ /ut r';L afv|fnfO{ sdhf]/ agfp5g . h'd|fsf] Ps hf]8f
efn] kf]yLn] @,@),))) ;Dd ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{ ;S5g . h'd|fsf] km'naf6 aRrf lg:sg
!& lbg nfU5 .
lsgf{M
afv|fsf] z/L/sf] aflx/L efudf /x]/ /ut r':g] k/hLlj xf] . lsgf{n] afv|fsf] /ut r';]/
sdhf]/ agfp“g'sf ;fy} /f]uL afv|faf6 lg/f]uL afv|fdf /f]u ;f5{ .
lsgf{sf] hLjg rs|M
lsgf{sf] c08f, nfef{, lgDkm -;fgf] cj:yfsf] lsgf{_ / jo:s ul/ rf/ cj:yf x'G5g .
kf]yL lsgf{ afv|fsf]] z/L/df g} x'“bf efn] nfU5 . clg afv|fsf] z/L/af6 e"“O{df v:5 /
c08f kf5{ / kf]yL d5{ . c08f af6 @–!) xKtfdf nfef{ aG5 . nfef{ afv|fdf 6f“l;O{ /ut
r':g yfN5 To;kl5 lgDkm -;fgf] cj:yfsf] lsgf{_ df kl/0ft x'G5 . s]xL lbgkl5 lgDkm
jo:s aG5 To;kl5 efn] nfU5 / kf]yL e'“O{df v;L km'n kf5{ / kf]yL lsgf{ d5{ s]xL
;do kl5 km'naf6 nfef{ lg:sG5g . o;/L lsgf{sf] hLjg rqm rln/xG5 .
p“lkofM
p“lkof Ps k|sf/sf] afxo k/hLlj xf] . o:n] afv|f nufot dflg;nfO{ klg ;tfp“5 .
p“lkof afv|fdf 6f]Sg] a]nfdf dfq afv|fsf] z/L/df hfG5 . c? a]nf 3/ jf vf]/sf]] c“Wof/f]
/ w'nf]df a:5g . p“lkofn] hLjg e/df $))–%)) km'n kf5{ . km'naf6 aRrf lg:sg b'O{
xKtf nfU5 t/ udL{ ;dodf cem l5§} aRrf lg:sg ;S5 .

n'tf]M
n'tf] Ps k|sf/sf] z'Id k/hLlj xf] . o:fn], e]8f÷afv|fsf ;fy} cGo hgfj/x? /
dflg;nfO{ ;d]t ;tfp“5 . n'tf]sf] ls6f0f' /f}+ sf] km]baf6 leq k;]/ /ut r';L cfÇgf]
hLjg lgjf{x u5{g h:n] ubf{ 5fnfdf /ut cfpg] kfk|f pKsg], lrnfpg] x'G5 .
h'd|f, plkof, lsgf{, n'tf] nfu]sf] s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
 5fnf / /f}+ v;|f] / lhªl/∙ b]lvG5 .
 5fnfdf 6f+l;Psf] b]lvG5, 5fnfdf
lnvf b]lvG5 .
 afv|fn] w]/} sGofp+5g ;fy} /f} em5{ .
 afv|f b'Anf] b]lvG5 .
/f]syfdM
 afv|fx? km/s km/s u/]/ af+Wg] .
 vf]/ agfp+bf pHofnf] agfpg]
 vf]/ ;kmf /fVg] .
 lg/Gt/ jfxo k/hLljsf] cf}ifwL nufO{lbg] .

!%=clen]v
s'g} s'/f nfdf] ;do ;Dd gla;L{of]; eg]/ at{dfgdf ePsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] lnlvt
ljj/0fnfO{ clen]v cyjf /]s8{ elgG5 .
lsg clen]v /fVg] -clen]v /fVgfn] x'g] kmfObfx?_M
 la;]{sf s'/f ;Demfp+5 .
 at{dfgdf ePsf] s'/f laut ;Dd :yfO{ /xG5 .
 cfGtl/s k/hLljsf] /f]syfdsf] nflu cf}iflw v'jfpg ;xof]u u5{
 s'g ;dodf s'g afv|fnfO{ s] ePsf] lyof] / s] ul/Psf] lyof] eGg] yfxf kfpg ;lhnf]
x'G5 .
 s;}n] cfkmgf] afv|fsf] af/]df hfGg rfx]df b]vfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
 s'g df};ddf s'g ;d:of al9 cfp5, yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
/]s8{ s;/L /fVg] <
/]s8{ /fVg] cfkmgf cfkmg} tl/sfx? x'G5g . d'Vo ul/ s'g p2]Zosf nflu /]s8{ /fVg] Tolx
cg';f/sf] kmf/d tof/ ul/ /fVg] ul/G5 .
!^ ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]ulj?4 lbOg] vf]ksf gfd / dfqf
dlxgf /f]u dfqf÷k|lt k"0f{ jo:s
afv|fsf nflu
dfqf÷kf7f–kf7L ev{/sf]
jo:ssf nflu
hgj/L – k]ma|'c/L
‑ df3
;LkLkL )=@ ld=ln= ‑ 5fnfdf ;"O{ lbg] )=@ ld=ln= ‑5fnfdf ;"O{ lbg]
k]ma|c/L – dfr{
‑kmfNu'g
kLkLcf/ !=) ld=ln=÷df;' jf ‑5fnfdf
;"O{ lbg]
!=) ld=ln=÷df;' jf ‑5fnfdf ;"O{
lbg]
dfr{ – clk|n ‑r}t lakm/ (Pox) ;"O{sf] k|of]u u/L g/d df;'df
;"O{ nufpg]
;"o{sf] k|of]u u/L g/d
df;'df ;"O{ nufpg]
clk|n – d] ‑j}zfv OG6]/f]6f]lS;ldof % ld=ln= ‑ 5fnfdf ;"O{
nufpg
@=% ld=ln= ‑5fnfdf ;"O{ nufpg]
clk|n – d] ‑j}zfv vf]/]t (FMD) @ ld=ln= ‑5fnfdf ;"O{
nufpg]
nufpg] ! ld=ln= ‑ 5fnfdf ;"O{
nufpg]

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