This document discusses different ways that crude drugs can be classified, including alphabetically, taxonomically, morphologically, therapeutically, chemically, and chemo-taxonomically. It provides examples for each classification method and notes their advantages and disadvantages. The main classification methods covered are alphabetical (arranged by name), taxonomic (based on natural relationships), morphological (by plant/animal part used), and therapeutic (by pharmacological action). The document aims to explain crude drug classification to pharmacognosy students.

2. TOPIC
CLASSIFICATION OF
CRUDE DRUGS

3. SUBMITTEDBY;
GROUP NO. 07 (M)
M.AKHTAR GHELA………….. 36 M
M. MUBASHIR MUKHTAR...… 17 M
M. SALMAN KHAN…….….... 51 M
M. KASHIF AMAN…….…...... 52 M
M. BAQIR RAZA NAQVI.....… 27 M
SUBMITTED TO;
MR. HAFIZ IMRAN AZIZ
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
GOMAL UNIVERSITY,DERA ISMAIL KHAN.

4. INDEX
Introduction about crude drugs---------
-----------05
 Classification------------------------
----------------06
 Alphabetical classification-------------
------------07
 Taxonomical classification.------------
-------------10
 Morphological classification-----------
------------14
 Therapeutic classification.-------------
-------------19

5. WHAT QURAN SAYS ? ABOUT
PLANT’S ARRANGEMENT ??

6. CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE
DRUGS:-
o Crude Drugs:- These are naturally occurring
unrefined substances collected from the
‘natural sources’ through the process of
drying.
o Natural sources:- All the substances found
in nature, comprising of whole plants,
animals and their anatomical parts such as
saps, extracts, secretions, glands and other
constituents are known as natural substances.

7. IN THE SITE OF PHARMACOGNOSY CRUDE
DRUGS ARE CLASSIFIED IN FOLLOWING
DIFFERENT WAYS;
 Alphabetical classification
 Morphological classification
 Taxonomical classification
 Pharmacological classification
 Chemical classification
 Chemo-taxonomical classification

8. 1. ALPHABETICAL
CLASSIFICATION:-
The crude drugs are arranged according
to the alphabetical order of their Latin and
English names, in the form of dictionaries
and encyclopedias of Materia medica.
Some of the Pharmacopias and referance
books which classify crude drugs
according to this system are as follows;

9. i. European Pharmacopia.(E.P) - (Latin).
ii. British Pharmacopia.(B.P) - (English).
iii.United States Pharmacopia.(U.S.P) -
(English)
iv. Pakistani Pharmacopia.(P.P) - (English)
v. Indian Pharmacopia.(I.P) - (Latin, English)
Examples:-
Acacia, Agar, Beeswax, Digitalis, Datura,
Fennel and Ginger etc.

10. Advantages:-
It is simple method and no technical person is
required for its handling.
In this system location, tracing and addition of
drug is easy.
Disadvantages:-
Original source of drug is not clear by this
classification.
Scientific nature of drugs can’t be identified, that
whether the drug is organized or unorganized.

11. 2. TAXONOMICAL
CLASSIFICATION:-
 In such classification, drugs are classified on
the basis of natural relationship among plants
or animals. This natural relationship is called
as “Phylogeny”.
 The drugs are arranged into different
Phylogenetic groups or taxa such as; phylum,
order, family, genus and species.
 For plant drugs such classification is called
‘Botanical classification’ while in case of
animals it is called as ‘Zoological
classification’.

12. Phylum Order Family Drugs
Angiosper
m
(Monocot)
Liliforae Liliaceae Colchicum,
Garlic,
Aloe
Angeosper
m
(Dicot)
Papaverale
s
Papaveraca
e
Opium,
Singuneria
// Umbellifor
a
Umbellifer
ae
Fennel,
Coriander
// Solanaceae Belladona,
Datura,
Capsicum.

13. Advantages:-
 Useful to study evolutionary
development of drugs.
 As all families have distinguishing
characteristics, so easy to study various
drugs at a time.
Disadvantages:-
 As the whole plant is not used as drug,
so this system has no significant
importance for identification.

14.  Technical person is required.
 Location and tracing of drug is not easy.
 This system fails to recognize the
organized or unorganized nature of crude
drugs in their morphological studies.
 This system does not correlate in
between the chemical constituents and
therapeutic significance of crude drugs.

15. 3.MORPHOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION:-
 Here the crude drugs are arranged
according to the part of plant or animal
used, represented into organized or
unorganized drugs.
 organized drugs:-
 Drugs are direct part of plant containing
tissue structure and are divided into
leaves, barks, wood, root, rhizome, seeds,
fruits, flowers, stem, hair and fibers.

16. Plant’s
Parts
Drugs
Roots Aconite, Colchicum, Garlic, Ginger, etc.
Rhizom
es
Glycerrhiza, Jalap Podophyllum etc.
Leaves Digitalis, Senna, Pepermint, Belladona
etc.
Fruits Fennel, Caraway, Cardamom, Capsicum
etc.
Flowers Clove, Pyrethrum, Santonica etc.

17. Un organized drugs:-
 The drugs which are products of plant,
animal or mineral sources.
 These are prepared from plants or
animals by physical processes such as
incision, drying or extraction with a
solvent.
Examples of such drugs are gums, resins,
waxes, oils and latex etc.

18. Plant’s parts Drugs
Gums Acacia, Tragacanth etc.
Resins Coal tar, Benzoin, Colophonin
(rosin) etc.
Waxes Beeswax, Spermeceti etc.
Dried Latex Opium, Papain etc.
Fixed oils Castor oil, Coconut, Cottonseed
oil, Olive, Almond oil etc.
Volatile oils Turpentine, Peppermint, Clove
etc.
Animal Beeswax, Catharides, Cod liver

20. Advantages:-
o Convenient, Adulterants can be easily
identified.
o Organized and unorganized drugs can
be differentiated.
Disadvantages:-
o It does not give idea about biological
source, chemical constituents and uses.
o When different parts of plants contains
different chemical constituents, it is

21. 4. THERAPEUTIC
CLASSIFICATION:-
 Here the crude drugs are classified
according to Pharmacological action or
Therapeutic action of their chief active
constituents.
 For Example, Digitalis is used as a
cardio tonic.
 the other important therapeutically
active plants are as following;

22. Pharmacologic
al actions
Drugs
Anti-
inflammatory
Colchicum, Turmeric, Corn
etc.
Analgesic Opium, Cannabis etc.
Carminative Cinnamon bark, Cardamom
seed etc.
Purgatives Cascara, Senna, Rhubarb,
Aloe, Husks
Expectorant Glycerrhiza etc.
Cardio tonic Digitalis, Strophanthus etc.

23. Pharmacologic
al actions
Drugs
Anesthetics Cocoa
Anti-cancer Vinca, Podophyllum,
Colchicum
Anti-rheumatics Aconite, Guggul, Colchicum
Anti-
hypertensive
Rauwolfia
Anti-aging Garlic
Anti-Malarial Cinchona

24. Advantages:-
 It is useful in studying the therapeutic uses of
the drugs.
 Such type of classification forms the basis for
the science of Pharmacology.
Disadvantages:-
 Main drawback is that a drug can be placed in
various classes according to its pharmacological
actions.
 It gives no idea about the chemical
constituents and morphology of crude drugs.

25. 5. CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION:-
 Here, the crude drugs are divided into
different groups according to the chemical
nature of their most important
constituents present in the drug to which
the pharmacological activity of drug is
attributed.
 Living organisms are known as
biosynthetic laboratory because they
synthesize chemical compounds that are
as following;

26. Chemical
constituents
Drug examples
CARBOHYDRATES;
1- Gums
2- Mucillages
Starch, agar, pectin,
cotton.
Acacia, Tragacanth etc.
Plantago seeds
GLYCOSIDES;
1- Anthraquinone
2- Saponin
3- Cardiac glycosides
Aloe, Senna, Rhubarb
Glycerrhiza
Digitalis, Strophanthus
PROTEINS; Gelatin, Papain, Ficin
etc.

27. Chemical
constituents
Drug examples
LIPIDS;
1-Fixed oils
2- Fates
3- Waxes
Castor, Olive,
Cottonseed oil,
Lanolin, Theobroma.
Beeswax.
RASINS; Cannabis, Ginger, Jalap
etc.
ALKALOIDS;
1- Tropane
2- Purine
Belladona,Datura,Stram
nium.

28. Advantages:-
 Chemical constituents are known.
 Medicinal uses are known.
Disadvantages:-
 Drugs of different origins are grouped
under similar chemical titles.
 This type of classification makes no
proper placement of drugs containing two
different types of chemicals.

29. 6. CHEMO-TAXONOMICAL
CLASSIFICATION:-
In this system equal importance is given
to taxonomical status and chemical
constituents.
There are some chemical constituents
which are common in certain classes of
plants.
 For Example,
• Tropane alkaloids generally present in
most members of Solanaceae.
• Volatile oils occur in the members of

30. LITERATURE SITED;
 Text book of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemisty
(beiren shah).
 www.SlideShare.com.
 Basic concept of Pharmacognosy ( Abdul Haqq).
 Mr. Imran Aziz Lectures.
BUNDLE OF THANKS FOR
WATCHING….
{WRITTEN BY- BAQIR NAQVI, Multan}