Krashen developed five hypotheses about second language acquisition: 1) The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis distinguishes between acquired unconscious knowledge and learned conscious knowledge. 2) The Natural Order Hypothesis claims there is a predictable order in which people acquire language regardless of instruction. 3) The Monitor Hypothesis states that learned grammar can only be used to edit language production after it is generated. 4) The Input Hypothesis argues we acquire language by understanding input that is slightly beyond our current level. 5) The Affective Filter Hypothesis posits that factors like motivation and self-confidence can lower students' affective filters and help facilitate language acquisition.

1. Learning Theories
Mónica Torres C.

2. “Monitor Model”
Krashen developed five hypotheses
about second language learning.
These hypotheses offer insight into
how to help students learn to
communicate in a second language.

3. Krashen’s MonitorModel
Five Hypotheses
 Acquisition / Learning Hypothesis
 Natural Order Hypothesis
 Monitor Hypothesis
 Input Hypothesis
 Affective Filter Hypothesis

4. Acquisition / Learning
 Acquisition: Subconscious
processes
 Learning: Conscious formal
knowledge

5. Formal vs. Informal
 Two kinds of linguistic environments:
 Formal, or artificial: classroom
 Informal, or natural: study abroad

6. Formal and Informal Linguistic Environments in
Language Acquisition and Language Learning
Stephen D. Krashen
 Informal “intake-exposure” environments contribute to a
learner’s acquisition of the L2.
 Formal environments, i.e. language classrooms, can
contribute to both learning and acquisition.
 The classroom contributes to conscious learning by
providing rule isolation and feedback, thus helping the
monitor to develop.
 It also contributes to acquisition provided that language
use is emphasized. Such use becomes a source of
primary linguistic data for language acquisition.

7. Learning Acquisition
Knowing about L2 Knowing of L2
INPUT INPUT
Finnely Tunned Roughly Tunned
Precisely at the
level
Slighly at a higher
level

8. Natural Order Hypothesis
 There is a natural, predictable order in
which people acquire the language.
 It is the same for each person whether
or not instruction is involved.
 It is independent of learner’s age,
condition of exposure & background of
L1 development.

9. Input Hypothesis
 We acquire by receiving
 Comprehensible input – input that is
a little beyond our current level.
 Current Level – i
 Comprehensible Input- i +1

10. The Monitor Hypothesis
 There is a monitor which function is
to help a learner to check his/her
language.
 Only before and after

11. The Monitor Hypothesis
 Conditions:
 sufficient time,
 the focus must be on form and not
on meaning; and
 the user must know the rule

12. The Affective Filter Hypothesis
Filter
Input
Intake

13. The Affective Filter Hypothesis
High
Motivation
Self
confidence
Great
amount
of input

14. The Affective Filter Hypothesis
Low
Motivation
Little Self-
confidence
Little
input

15. Thank you!