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The greatest medicine from fruits
- 1. 1 The greatest medicine of all , is teaching people how not to need it. Hippocrates
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- 5. Free radicals….. Free radicals are atoms, molecules or ions with unpaired electrons that are highly unstable and active towards chemical reactions with other molecules Oxidative stress, injures proteins, lipids, lipoproteins, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ex. Hydroxyl radical and peroxy nitrite Predisposes the chronic (degenerative) diseases and aging process 5
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- 7. University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot College of Horticulture, Bagalkot Fruits Derived Nutraceuticals: The safer alternative for pharmaceutical medication Ms.Ayeeshya H. Kolhar III - Ph. D. (Hort.) UHS17PGD223 Department of PHT 7 III Seminar
- 8. SEMINAR OUTLINE Introduction Classification of nutraceuticals Phytochemicals Prebiotics Probiotics Dietry Fibre Case studies Conclusion Future line of work 8
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- 10. What is nutraceutical?????? The nontoxic food component that has scientifically proven health benefits, including treatment and prevention. Nutraceutical: food or part of food that provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and/or treatment of a disease. "Nutraceutical“ hybrid term of "Nutrition" and "Pharmaceutical" 10 Gupta et al., 2013
- 11. The dietary supplement health and education act of 1994, the definition of nutraceuticals has been expanded to include vitamins, minerals, herbs and other botanicals, amino acids, and dietary substance for human use as a supplement diet. A product isolated or purified from foods, and generally sold in medicinal forms not usually associated with food and demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or provide protection against chronic disease. Gupta et al., 2013 11
- 12. Fig. 1: Concept of Nutraceuticals Gupta et al., 2010 12
- 13. Nutraceuticals Vs. Pharmaceuticals Origin Prescriptions License Patent Gupta et al., 2010 13
- 14. 14 Safe alternative to pharmaceuticals. Nutraceuticals plays important roles in retarding prevention and progression of diseases. Advantages of Nutraceuticals over Pharmaceuticals Gupta et al., 2010
- 15. 15 Nutraceuticals are categorized as…… 1. Nutrients: Substances which have established Nutritional functions e.g. Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids, Fatty acids, etc. 2. Herbals/ Phytochemicals: Herbs or Botanical products. 3. Dietary Supplements: Probiotics, Prebiotics, Antioxidants, Enzymes, etc. Gupta et al., 2010
- 16. 16 Nutraceuticals can be classified as… 1. Potential Nutraceuticals - One which has promising approach towards particular health or medicinal benefit. 2. Established Nutraceuticals - A Potential nutraceutical becomes established nutraceutical only after there are sufficient clinical use to demonstrate a benefit. Das et al., 2011
- 17. 17 Natural source Pharmacological condition Chemical constituent Classification of nutraceuticals Das et al., 2011
- 18. 18 Table 1. Classification based on source Plant Fruits, vegetable, spices etc., Animal Shark liver oil, codliver oil etc., Minerals Calcium ,magnesium, phosphorous etc., Microorganism Probiotics Das et al., 2011
- 19. 19 Table 2:Classification Based on the Chemical Groups Das et al., 2011
- 20. Dietary Fibre Non digestable food portion (CHO) Soluble Fibre: Pectin, Gums, Mucilage Insoluble Fibre: Hemicellulose, Lignin Modified Cellulose Anon., 2000 20
- 21. Table 3. Level of dietary fibre in fruits and vegetables Sl. No Fruit/vegetable Content 1 Sweet potatoes 2.5% 2 Pears 3.1% 3 Strawberries 2% 4 Avocado 6.7% 5 Apples 2.4% 6 Raspberries 6.5% 7 Bananas 2.6% 8 Carrots 2.8% 9 Beets 2.8% 10 Broccoli 2.6% 11 Artichoke 8.6% 12 Brussels sprout 2.6% 13 Kidney beans 6.4% 14 Almonds 12.5% Kris, 2018 21
- 22. FUNCTIONS BENEFITS Adds bulk to the diet, making feel fuller May reduce appetite Attracts water & turns to gel during digestion, trapping carbs & slowing absorption of glucose Lowers variance in blood sugar levels Lowers total & LDL cholesterol Reduces risk of heart diseases Regulates blood pressure May reduce onset risk or symptoms of metabolic syndrome & diabetes Speeds the passage of foods through the digestive system Facilitates regularity Adds bulk to stool Alleviates constipation Balances intestinal pH & stimulates intestinal fermentation production of SCFA May reduce risk of colorectal cancer Health Benefits Kris, 2018 22
- 23. Prebiotics are the non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth substances that induce the growth or activity of microorganisms that contribute to the well-being of their host. Oligofructose, Inulin, Galacto-oligosaccharides, Lactulose Roberfroid, 2007 Prebiotics 23
- 24. 1. Increase of useful gut flora, which synthesize B complex vitamins 2. Positive effects on calcium and other mineral absorption 3. Reduction of risk of colorectal cancer 4. Antihypertensive effect and regulation of blood cholesterol 5. Maintenance of regularity of bowel 6. Prebiotics reduce constipation. 7. Enhancement of bacteriocin synthesis by Lactobacilli resulting in a lower incidence of enteral infect ions by pathogenic bacteria. 8. Reduction of obesity 9. Antidiabetic effect Function of Prebiotics Ramanna, 2012 24
- 25. Probiotics Living microbes which when administered in adequate amounts confer a beneficial health effect on the host (WHO 2002) Lactobacillus species L. acidophilus L. casei (rhamnosus) L. reuteri L. bulgaricus L. plantarum L. johnsonii L. lactis Others Bacillus cereus Non pathogenic E. coli Saccharomyces cerevisiae Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus thermophilus Bifidobacterium species B. bifidum B. longum B. breve B. infantis B. lactis B. adolescentis Kechagia et al., 2012 25
- 26. Mechanism of action of Probiotics Production of low-molecular-weight antibacterial substance that inhibits both gram-positive and gram-negative enteric bacteria Also prevent colonization of pathogenic microorganisms by competitive inhibition for microbial adhesion sites Kechagia et al., 2012 26
- 27. Health benefits of Probiotics Improvement of intestinal health Enhancement of the immune response Reduction of serum cholesterol Cancer prevention Kechagia et al., 2012 27
- 28. Objective: To develop healthy probiotic pomegranate beverage using lactic acid bacteria 28
- 29. Material and Methods Pomegranate and kokum fruit juices LAB strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, and L. delbrueckii Shubhada et al., 2018 29
- 30. T1 - Uninoulated Pomegranate juice (Control) T2 - 100 % Pomegranate juice + Lactobacillus plantarum T3- 85 % Pomegranate juice + 15% Kokum juice + L. acidophilus T4 - 85 % Pomegranate juice + 15% Kokum juice + L. plantarum T5 - 85 % Pomegranate juice + 15% Kokum juice + L. delbrueckii T6- 75 % Pomegranate juice + 25% Kokum juice + L. acidophilus T7- 75 % Pomegranate juice + 25% Kokum juice + L. delbrueckii T8- 65 % Pomegranate juice + 35% Kokum juice + L. acidophilus Treatments Shubhada et al., 2018 30
- 31. Fig. 2: Fermented beverage of pomegranate blended with kokum and control during storage period Shubhada et al., 2018 31
- 32. Table 4: Changes in total phenol content (mg GAE/100 ml) of fermented pomegranate beverage with and without kokum juice as influenced by treatments and storage period Shubhada et al., 2018 32
- 33. Shubhada et al., 2018 33 Table.5:Changes in antioxidant activity (%) of fermented pomegranate beverage with and without kokum juice as influenced by treatments and storage period
- 34. Table.6: Organoleptic evaluation for overall acceptability of fermented pomegranate beverage with and without kokum juice as influenced by treatments and storage period Shubhada et al., 2018 34
- 35. Fig.3: Lactic acid bacterial population (CFU/ml) Shubhada et al., 2018 35
- 36. Nutraceuticals and chronic disease 36
- 37. Disease Nutraceuticals Source 1) Joint health Glucosamine Chondroitin Found in ligaments ,cartilages ,tissue, tendons Proteoglycans of articular cartilage 2) Cardiovascular health Co Q-10 Melatonin DHA Soyabean ,olive oil Bone marrow ,pineal glands Fish oil Reseveratrol Caretonoids Catechin Grapes, red wine Carrot ,sweet potato Tea extracts 37 Pandey et al. 2010
- 38. Disease Nutraceuticals Scope 3) Eye health DHA Pycnogeal Linseed (flax oil),fish oil Barley Lutein Caretonoids Spinach Carrot ,sweet potatoes 4) Cancer prevention DHA Resveratrol Flax seed, linseed, fish oil. Red wine,grapes Lycopene Tea extracts (ellagic acid) Tomatoes ,grape fruit Strawberry ,Raspberry 38 Pandey et al. 2010
- 39. 39 1. Sleeping disorders 2. Digestion problems 3. Prevention of certain cancers 4. Osteoporosis 5. Blood pressure 6. Cholesterol lowering 7. Neurological disorders 8. Diabetes etc. All therapeutic areas such as, Pandey et al. 2010
- 40. DIABETES Metabolic disorder due to malfunctioning of pancreas. Type I (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) Type II (insulin independent diabetes mellitus) Predisposes other disorders (cardiomyopathies, nephrotoxicity, neuropathy, cerebrovascular disorders and wound healing disorders) 40
- 41. Jamun as a antidiabetic medicine… Table 7: Phytochemicals in S. cumini Chaudhary and Mukhopadhyay , 2012 41
- 42. Table 8: The hypoglycaemic effect of different extracts of jamun, Syzygium cumini in preclinical and clinical setting. 42 Jagetia, 2018
- 43. Table 9: The hypolipidemic effect of different extracts of jamun, Syzygium cumini in preclinical models. 43Jagetia, 2018
- 44. Fig. 4: Antidiabetic action of Jamun 44 Jagetia, 2018
- 45. Objective: To evaluate the antihyperglycemic property of Jamun fruit and seed. 45
- 46. Materials and methods Raw material procurement Sample preparation Preparation of Jamun extracts: Aqueous ethanol (50% V/V), orbital shaker at 280 rpm at 50ºC for 45 min. In vivo studies (Sprague Dawley rats) Raza et al., 2017 46
- 47. Table 10: Effect of diet and intervals on serum glucose (mg/dL) of rats in different studies. 47 Raza et al., 2017 Normal feed: Flour (82%), corn oil (10%), casein (4%), mineral mix (3%) and vitamin mix (1%).
- 48. Table 11: Effect of diet and intervals on serum insulin (mU/mL) of rats in different studies. 48 Raza et al., 2017
- 49. Inference 49 Raza et al., 2017 Both jamun seed and fruit extracts proved to be effective in regulation of blood glucose and insulin parameters. It can be a potential source of naturally occurring bioactive compounds, regulates the blood glucose profile and may be used as cure for diabetes.
- 50. Cancer Leading cause for death of adult, treatment of cancer involves expensive and traumatic use of drugs, surgery and irradiation. Chemoprevention is better than chemotherapeutics Nutraceuticals can control and regulate the DNA damaging factors in cancer cells and DNA transcription in tumours. Salimi et al., 2013 50
- 51. Table.12: Deaths by major types of cancer in 2012 (world). Kristo, 2016
- 52. Phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins, ellagitannins, and gallotannins), hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and hydrolyzable tannins. Phytochemicals present in strawberry Amatori et al., 2016
- 53. Amatori et al., 2016 53
- 54. Cell line: permanently established cell culture (Cells have the capacity to grow in fresh media) Preparation of exctract: Methanolic extract was concentrated through a rotary evaporator and stored in aliquots at − 80 °C. Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium In vivo study: female FVB/N mice (n=10) Material and methods Amatori et al., 2016
- 55. Table 13. Micronutrient composition, phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of strawberry extract. Amatori et al., 2016 55
- 56. Amatori et al., 2016 Fig.5: Effects induced by PRSE on cellular viability. (a) Dose-response and time-course experiments on A17 cells 56
- 57. Amatori et al., 2016 Fig. 6. Cell cycle alterations induced by PRSE on A17 cells 57
- 58. Amatori et al., 2016 58 Fig. 7: PRSE effect on the migration ability of A17 cells.
- 59. Amatori et al., 2016 Fig.8: Quantification of the percentage of wound closure 59
- 60. Amatori et al., 2016 Fig. 9: Effect of PRSE on A17 tumors in mice. 60
- 61. Hypertension High Blood Pressure, a medical condition in which constricted arterial blood vessels increase the resistance to blood flow, causing an increase in blood pressure against vessel walls. It is responsible for 45% of heart attacks and 51% of strokes and is a responsible factor for 9.4 million worldwide deaths related to CVD 61
- 62. Table 14: Principal constituents of different parts of pomegranate tree and fruit. The different parts of pomegranate plant like peel, root, bark, flower, leaves, and so forth exhibit different phytochemicals. Sreekumar, 2013
- 63. 63
- 64. Fig. 10. Participant flow diagram Stockton et al.,2017 64
- 65. Stockton et al.,2017 65 Table 15. Baseline characteristics of the intention-to-treat dataset
- 66. Fig. 11: Changes in systolic blood pressure (a) and diastolic blood pressure (b). Stockton et al.,2017 66
- 67. Table 16: Changes in outcomes variables at different time points in the pomegranate extract (PE) and placebo groups Stockton et al.,2017 67
- 68. Table 17:Total antioxidant capacity, total polyphenols and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels in the urine Stockton et al.,2017 68
- 69. Pomegranate extract significantly lowered DBP over 8 weeks and could contribute to the prevention of CVD risk factors. 69 Inference Stockton et al.,2017
- 70. Coronary heart disease Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. 70
- 71. Table 18: Phenolic Composition of Red Grapes on Fresh Weight (FW) Basis. Iriti, 2014
- 73. Iriti, 2014
- 74. 74 To evaluvate antioxidant and cardioprotective effects of pomace exctract of grape cultivar Fetească neagră. Balea et al. (2018)
- 75. Grape Sample: Vitis vinifera (L.) var. Fetească Neagră Plant Extract Preparation for In Vivo Study using 70% ethanol. Animals: Male albino Wistar rats, weighing 200–250 g Material and methods Negative control group, Isoprenalin induced, FNFr, FNFs Balea et al. (2018)
- 76. Table 18: Phytochemical analysis of grape pomace from cv. Fetească neagră 76 Balea et al. (2018)
- 77. Fig.12: Fetească neagră grape pomace radical scavenging activity toward DPPH. Fs: fresh, Fr: fermented, FN: Fetească neagră, RSA:radical scavenging activity 77 Balea et al. (2018)
- 78. Table 19: Serum oxidative stress markers 78 Balea et al. (2018)
- 79. Fig. 13: Therapeutical areas covered by nutraceutical products 79Pandey et al., 2010
- 80. 80 Nutraceutical helps in prevention and treatment of diseases. Discovery of new molecule is difficult and expensive. Consumer perceive nutraceutical as “food like substances” Plants constitute to be a major source of new lead generation of nutraceutical. Advantages Pandey et al., 2010
- 81. 81 Not subjected to same testing and regulations as pharmaceuticals Majority not regulated by FDA in USA Bioavailability of nutrients is lower No regulatory definition Disadvantages Pandey et al., 2010
- 82. Brand name Components Function Betatene Carotenoids Immune function Xangold Lutein esters Eye health Lipoec -lipoic acid Potent antioxidant Generol Phytosterol CHD reduction Premium probiotics probiotics Intestinal disorder Soylife Soyabean phytoestrogen Bone health NUTRACEUTICALS AVAILABLE IN MARKET 82Pandey et al., 2010
- 83. Brand name Components Function Z-trim Wheat Zero calorie fat replacer Linumlife Lignan extract flax Prostate health Fenulife Fenugreek galactomannon Control blood sugar Teamax Green tea extract Potent antioxidant Marinol 3 FA, DHA, EPA Heart health protection Clarinol CLA Weight loss ingredient Cholestaid Saponin Reduce cholesterol NUTRACEUTICALS AVAILABLE IN MARKET 83Pandey et al., 2010
- 84. 84 CONCLUSION…
- 85. 85 “Do not be worried on how to add days to our life, but on how to give more life to our days” Thank you… Be happy….. Be healthy…..
Editor's Notes
- This so called globalised world is ascociated with change in food habits i.e we human beings are more getting adicted to the junk foods…..
- Again the globalisation was ascociated with environmental pollution, then the
- Then the food that we are eating the water that we are drinking and the air that we inhailing everything was so polluted today…………..
- Inturn are acting as a resorvoire of the free radicals…. These free radicals are defined as the unstable highly reactive atoms or molecules………….. Are formed by various sources like even our body too produces the free radicles in small quantity during the respiration process at cellular level in the mitochondrial these free radicals have –ve impact on the body that they are going create a oxidative stress……..i referred oxidative stress which means an imbalance in the quantum of free radicles and antioxidant and this stress brought about the degenaration of various organs of the human the highly reactive OH and PN mo
- Again to cure these we are eating number of chemical tablets, these tablets instated of curing the disease has many side effects the summation these side effect and the existing disease create a short cut way to the heaven.
- Fruits Derived Nutraceuticals the Future Intelligent Food
- It is interesting to know what nutraceutical is……nutraceutical are non toxic substances with disease curing ability…….the term nutarceutical was coined by Dr S D F the founder of FIM, new jersy……it consist of two words nutrition and pharmaceutical……….SDF defined Nutraceutical as food or part of food that has the ability to prevent and treat the disease…
- Later in the year 1994, the DSH&EA was passed according to this act various dietary suplements like AA, vit, min, phytochemicals etc were added to the category of nutraceutical…… then Health canada redefines nutraceutical as a product of food orgin sold as medicine not in food form with physiological benefit and disease curing ability
- Now looking into how the concept of nutraceutical came into picture…….. Health of any individual is defined by providing good nutrion,and preventing the disease by using pharmaceuticals combining the two both nutrition and pharmaceutical to have a good health is the concept of nutraceutical……..
- Now we will discuss what is the difference between N & P, n IS THE PREVETIVE APPROACH OF DISEASE CURING, WHEREAS PHARMA DRUGS WERE USED TO CURE THE DISEASE AFTER ITS APPERENCE……. THE NUTRACEUTICAL ARE FROM FOOD ORIGIN, WHERE AS THE P ARE CHEMICALLY SYNTHESIDE DRUGS,,, AS ARE FOOD ORIGIN NO PRE/LICENSE IS RE
- the although action of mechanisms various have Peffects their exert they which in manner e still is effects their exert they which in manner exact short and bacteriocin from range ese. elucidated fully nutrient and, pH gut of lowering, production acid fatty chain and function barrier mucosal of stimulation to competition the been has particular in latter e. immunomodulation acquired the of aspects several uence�in probiotics that denceevi considerable is there and studies numerous of subject and phagocytosis inducing by response immune innate and 1 enhancing, responses cell-T modifying, secretion IgA .[22–20 [responses 2 attenuating and, responses
- 2.58×106 cfu/ml) followed by T5 and T11 (2.33×106
- Alpha amylase Jamun improves the activity of the beta cells of the pancrease inadditio n the activity of alpha amylase is goig to bedecline
- Reduced LDL and VLDL increased HDL, in catalase glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase and increased synthesis of glutathione and depletes lipid peroxidation
- Daibetes is as a result of oxidative stress craeted by the free radicles, the disease is as a result of activation of genes, these are inhibited by NF kB trascription factors then there is reduced inflammation and os….and further the acivty of the
- Pancrease produces of enzymes which helps in digestion and it produce harmone beta cells helps in production of insulin helps the blood glucose to be absorbed by the body BP is the product of cardiac out put to total flow for resistance
- THE raw material is procured from the local market, after washing the fruit pulp and seeds were separated this material was dried at 40 C for 24 h and further it was ground for preparation of exctract….. 50 g sample of the sample was placed in volumetric flask and aqeous eth was used as solvent the flask is kept at 280 rpm for 40degree cel at reduced pressure this exctract at the rate of 5% was fed to rats to know the effect on the rats
- They divided the experiment into two parts study one in which they have fed the rats to the flour (82%), corn oil (10%), casein (4%), mineral mix (3%) and vitamin mix (1%). high sucrose diet containing 40%
- Thus
- Chemoprevention is the use of small molecules, including dietary or herbal chemicals, to prevent cancers as opposed to chemotherapeutics, where chemicals, mostly synthetic, are used to remove or alleviate cancer symptoms.
- A17 is a carcinoma induced cell, obtained from FVB mice
- Cell cycle percentages calculated by FlowJo 8.6.3 software
- If uncontrolled, diseases related to high blood pressure will be a substantial burden. More specifically, the direct burden on health will be drastically affected, as approximately 30% of patients with hypertension are not treated properly, demonstrating a need for
- Pomegranate fruit polyphenols protect against lipid peroxidation in serum by direct interaction of pomegranate polyphenols with LDL, or indirectly by increasing serum PON1 stability (HDL association), as well as its catalytic activities, resulting in the hydrolysis of lipid peroxides.
- Mechanisms of action of PE on blood pressure may involve the role of polyphenols in reducing serum angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) activity
- Table 14
- Table 14
- Polyphenols also influence plasma lipid concentrations and consumption of grapes and grape juice has been associated with improvement in HDL-C levels (12-15). Polyphenols have been shown to exert anti-atherosclerotic effects in the early stages of atherosclerosis development (decrease LDL oxidation); improve endothelial function and increase nitric oxide release (potent vasodilator); modulate inflammation and improve antioxidant status; protect against atherothrombotic episodes including myocardial ischemia and platelet aggregation
- continueedContinued
- TOS: total oxidative status; OSI: oxidative stress index; TAR: total antioxidant reactivity; MDA: malondialdehyde; SH: total thiols; NOx: nitrites and nitrates.