The document discusses human memory, including different types of memory such as sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. It describes models of memory as an information processing system and explores various phenomena related to memory such as forgetting, interference, amnesia, and debates around recovered memories of trauma.

1. HUMANHUMAN
MEMORYMEMORY

2. ““The computer isThe computer is
a retriever ofa retriever of
information,information,
not a rememberernot a rememberer
of experience”of experience”
SchacterSchacter

3. EBBINGHAUS -1880sEBBINGHAUS -1880s
LaboratoryLaboratory
studies ofstudies of
verbalverbal
learning,learning,
memory,memory,
andand
forgettingforgetting

4. INFORMATIONINFORMATION
PROCESSINGPROCESSING
MODEL OFMODEL OF
MEMORYMEMORY

5. SENSORYSENSORY
MEMORYMEMORY
SHORT-TERMSHORT-TERM
MEMORYMEMORY
LONG-TERMLONG-TERM
MEMORYMEMORY
STMSTM
LTMLTM

6. SENSORY MEMORYSENSORY MEMORY
HighHigh capacity,capacity, rapidrapid
decay, less than 1decay, less than 1
second for thesecond for the iconicon,,
2-3 seconds for the2-3 seconds for the
echoecho

7. SENSORYSENSORY
MEMORYMEMORY All IncomingAll Incoming
Information -Information -
InformationInformation
NotNot
Attended ToAttended To
FORGOTTENFORGOTTEN

8. SENSORYSENSORY
MEMORYMEMORY All IncomingAll Incoming
Information -Information -
InformationInformation
NotNot
SHORT-TERMSHORT-TERM Attended ToAttended To
MEMORYMEMORY
FORGOTTENFORGOTTEN
ATTENTIONATTENTION

9. AttentionAttention
 is ais a controlcontrol processprocess
 Gateway toGateway to
awarenessawareness

10. AttentionAttention
 ControlControl processprocess
 Gateway toGateway to
awarenessawareness
 Example ofExample of
inattentionalinattentional
blindnessblindness

11. Short-Term MemoryShort-Term Memory
STMSTM
 Working memoryWorking memory
 Limited capacity,Limited capacity,
7 + or - 27 + or - 2
 Digit span testDigit span test
 ChunkingChunking

12. STMSTM
 Rapid decay,Rapid decay, 10-3010-30
sec for unrehearsedsec for unrehearsed
meaningless materialmeaningless material

13. STMSTM
NotNot a passivea passive
storage depotstorage depot
Rather, an activeRather, an active
mental workspacemental workspace
known asknown as
Working memoryWorking memory

14. Central ExecutiveCentral Executive
Working MemoryWorking Memory
Visuospatial ScratchpadVisuospatial Scratchpad
Phonological LoopPhonological Loop

15.  Vast capacityVast capacity
 Long or permanentLong or permanent
durationduration
Long-Term MemoryLong-Term Memory
LTMLTM

16. Classes of LTMClasses of LTM
1.1. Declarative - ExplicitDeclarative - Explicit
a.a. SemanticSemantic - general- general
knowledge of the worldknowledge of the world
b.b. EpisodicEpisodic - knowledge- knowledge
of your own pastof your own past
experiencesexperiences

17. Classes of LTMClasses of LTM
2. Nondeclarative or2. Nondeclarative or
ImplicitImplicit
- ProceduralProcedural - learned- learned
skills or habitualskills or habitual
responses, classicalresponses, classical
conditioning, primingconditioning, priming

18. FORGETTINGFORGETTING

19. Forgetting asForgetting as
a result ofa result of
decay?decay?

20. Simple passageSimple passage
of time afterof time after
learning haslearning has
minimalminimal effecteffect
on retentionon retention

21. Forgetting asForgetting as
a result ofa result of
interferenceinterference

22. RetroactiveRetroactive
InterferenceInterference
Current learningCurrent learning
interferes with recallinterferes with recall
of previouslyof previously
learned materiallearned material

23. RetroactiveRetroactive
InterferenceInterference
Learn Learn MemoryLearn Learn Memory
A B LossA B Loss
for Afor A
TimeTime

24. ProactiveProactive
InterferenceInterference
Prior learningPrior learning
interferes withinterferes with
retention of newretention of new
informationinformation

25. ProactiveProactive
InterferenceInterference
Learn Learn MemoryLearn Learn Memory
A B LossA B Loss
for Bfor B
TimeTime

26. Retrograde andRetrograde and
AnterogradeAnterograde
AmnesiaAmnesia
TimeTime
Retrograde AnterogradeRetrograde Anterograde
Head TraumaHead Trauma

27. Medial TemporalMedial Temporal
LobeLobe AmnesiaAmnesia
 Mr. H. M. - almost solelyMr. H. M. - almost solely
anterogradeanterograde amnesiaamnesia
 HippocampalHippocampal damagedamage
 Separation of proceduralSeparation of procedural
and declarative memoriesand declarative memories

28. Bilateral medialBilateral medial
temporal lobetemporal lobe
damage inducesdamage induces
declarativedeclarative
anterogradeanterograde
amnesiaamnesia

29. Can these patientsCan these patients
acquire a classicallyacquire a classically
conditioned response?conditioned response?
 Delayed conditioning, CSDelayed conditioning, CS
and US overlapand US overlap
 YesYes
 Trace conditioning, CSTrace conditioning, CS
and US do not overlapand US do not overlap
 NoNo

30. Delayed and traceDelayed and trace
classical conditioningclassical conditioning
areare differentdifferent kinds ofkinds of
learning involvinglearning involving
 differentdifferent brainbrain
structuresstructures

31.  Separation of episodicSeparation of episodic
and semantic memoriesand semantic memories
in unidentified patientsin unidentified patients
 Example: RichardExample: Richard
Nixon’s father was aNixon’s father was a
member of Hell’s Angelsmember of Hell’s Angels

32. Korsakoff’s SyndromeKorsakoff’s Syndrome
associated withassociated with
alcoholismalcoholism - vitamin B1- vitamin B1
deficiencydeficiency
similar tosimilar to diencephalicdiencephalic
amnesia - mediodorsalamnesia - mediodorsal
nucleus of the thalamus -nucleus of the thalamus -
Mr. N. A.Mr. N. A.

33. Sweet MemoriesSweet Memories
Why do some eventsWhy do some events
become vividbecome vivid
memories?memories?
FlashbulbFlashbulb MemoriesMemories

34. Sweet MemoriesSweet Memories
 Post-trial administrationPost-trial administration
of epinephrineof epinephrine improvesimproves
memoriesmemories
 Post-trial administrationPost-trial administration
ofof glucoseglucose improvesimproves
memoriesmemories

35. Memories associated withMemories associated with
arousalarousal produceproduce
 epinephrine release andepinephrine release and
 glucose releaseglucose release
 Flashbulb Memories mayFlashbulb Memories may
be sweet memoriesbe sweet memories

36. Repressed MemoriesRepressed Memories
Repression - major FreudianRepression - major Freudian
concept - unacceptableconcept - unacceptable
thoughts pushed into thethoughts pushed into the
unconsciousunconscious
Does incest/sexual abuseDoes incest/sexual abuse
during childhood produceduring childhood produce
repression and behavioralrepression and behavioral
dysfunctiondysfunction

37. YES! assert someYES! assert some
therapists - repressedtherapists - repressed
memories are associatedmemories are associated
with depression, eatingwith depression, eating
disorders, sexualdisorders, sexual
dysfunction, anxiety, etcdysfunction, anxiety, etc
Recovery of memories isRecovery of memories is
therapeutictherapeutic

38. GeorgeGeorge
Franklin wasFranklin was
accused ofaccused of
murdering amurdering a
young girl,young girl,
Susan Nason,Susan Nason,
more thanmore than
two decadestwo decades
after theafter the
crime.crime.
His daughter Eileen, only 8 at the time ofHis daughter Eileen, only 8 at the time of
the murder, claimed to have witnessedthe murder, claimed to have witnessed
it, repressed it, and then recovered theit, repressed it, and then recovered the
memory. He was convicted.memory. He was convicted.

39. Self-help pop-Self-help pop-
psychology bookspsychology books
The Courage to HealThe Courage to Heal
by Bass and Davisby Bass and Davis
YES! assert someYES! assert some

40. ““If you think you wereIf you think you were
abused and your life showsabused and your life shows
the symptoms, then youthe symptoms, then you
were. If you don’twere. If you don’t
remember your abuse, youremember your abuse, you
are not alone. Many womenare not alone. Many women
don’t have memories.....thisdon’t have memories.....this
doesn’t mean they weren’tdoesn’t mean they weren’t
abused.”abused.”

41. NO! assert mostNO! assert most
therapists, accusedtherapists, accused
individuals, and cognitiveindividuals, and cognitive
psychologistspsychologists
False Memory SyndromeFalse Memory Syndrome
Foundation - 7,000 members,Foundation - 7,000 members,
founded by Pamela Freyd,founded by Pamela Freyd,
accused by her daughteraccused by her daughter

42. “Recovered-memory therapists
have invented a mechanism that
supposedly causes a child’s
awareness of sexual assault to
be driven entirely from
consciousness. There is no
limit to the number of traumatic
events that can be repressed,
and no limit to the length of time
over which the series of events
can occur.”

43. False Memory TestFalse Memory Test
False memories canFalse memories can
bebe implantedimplanted

44. Traumatic eventsTraumatic events
generallygenerally NOTNOT repressedrepressed
- can’t be forgotten -- can’t be forgotten -
post-traumatic stresspost-traumatic stress
disorder in Vietnamdisorder in Vietnam
veteransveterans
Traumatic memories areTraumatic memories are
““sweetsweet memories”memories”