The document discusses the different types of human memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. It explains how sensory information is processed and can be transferred to short-term memory within seconds. Long-term memory can store information indefinitely. The document also discusses factors that affect memory retrieval and forgetting, such as brain injuries, as well as interesting facts about how things like left-handedness and deep voices can influence memory.

1. Memory
Done By:
Tahani Almudarra
Najla AlRasheed
Amjaad Alsalamah

2. Memory is the ability of the mind to store
and be able to recall information that is
previously acquired.

3. A Model of
Memory

4. Sensory Memory
During every moment of an organism's life,
sensory information is being taken in by sensory
receptors and processed by the nervous system.
The information people received which is stored
in sensory memory is just long enough to be
transferred to short-term memory. Humans have
five main senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell,
touch. Sensory memory (SM) allows individuals
to retain impressions of sensory information
after the original stimulus has ceased.

5. Short-term memory
Short-term memory (or
"primary" or "active memory")
is the capacity for holding a
small amount of information in
mind in an active, readily
available state for a short period
of time. The duration of short-
term memory (when rehearsal
or active maintenance is
prevented) is believed to be in
the order of seconds.

6. Long-Term Memory
Long-term memory (LTM) is the final stage of the dual memory
model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, in which data can be
stored for long periods of time. While short-term and working
memory persists for only about 20 to 30 seconds, information can
remain in long-term memory indefinitely.

7. Retrieval of Memories
When you want to remember something, you retrieve the
information on an unconscious level, bringing it into your
conscious mind at will. While most people think they have
either a "bad" or a "good" memory, in fact, most people are
fairly good at remembering some types of things and not so
good at remembering others. If you do have trouble
remembering something -- assuming you don't have a physical
disease -- it's usually not the fault of your entire memory
system but an inefficient component of one part of your
memory system.

8. Forgetting
Forgetting refers to apparent loss or
modification of information already encoded
and stored in an individual's long term memory.
It is a spontaneous or gradual process in which
old memories are unable to be recalled from
memory storage. Forgetting also helps to
reconcile the storage of new information with
old knowledge. Problems with remembering,
learning and retaining new information are a
few of the most common complaints of older
adults. Memory performance is usually related
to the active functioning of three stages. These
three stages are encoding, storage and
retrieval.

9. Memory Storage
Memory is processed through three
fundamental processing stages: storage,
encoding, and retrieval. Storing refers to
the process of placing newly acquired
information into memory, which is
modified in the brain for easier storage.
Encoding this information makes the
process of retrieval easier for the brain
where it can be recalled and brought into
conscious thinking. Modern memory
psychology differentiates between the
two distinct types of memory storage:
short-term memory and long-term
memory.

10. Left-handers
recall events more easily

11. MEMBERS of a family that is
dominated by left-handers tend to
be better at remembering events
than facts.
Dr Stephen Christman and Dr
Ruth Propper, of the
University of Toledo in Ohio,
they believe that the two
halves of the brain work
together in episodic memory
to help remember events
because left-handers and
those with left-handedness -
whose brains' halves work
together more actively - recall
events better than facts.

12. In two experiments, they found that people better remembered whether
they had seen a word before if they were either related to left-handers or
shown the word twice on different sides of the visual field, which stimulates
both halves of the brain. Because lefties and their relatives seem to have
larger corpus callosums, the bridges of neurons linking the brain's
hemispheres, these results suggest that interaction between the two halves
strengthens memory for events. "So left-handers probably do have a richer
ability to recall their lives," Christman, himself a southpaw, says.

13. Left-handers, who make up 15 percent of the population, don't have a monopoly on
memory, though. The experiments showed that semantic memory was stronger in those
individuals with all right-handed relatives, or when words were presented to just one side of
the visual field. Both groups also recognized words they had seen before with equal ease.

14. Christman says it's possible to induce ersatz left-handedness by
moving the eyes from side to side, which gets both sides of the brain
going. His own research indicates that 30 seconds of such eye motion
can improve episodic memory by up to 50 percent.

15. 9 Things You Didn't Know
About Human Memory!

16. Looking away helps
your memory. According to research
from the University of Stirling in
Scotland, by looking away from the
person who asked a question, our
memory is better equipped to kick in.
It seems that human faces and
expressions are mentally captivating
to us and clutter our concentration.

17. Sevenis the
magic number. Ever wonder
why telephone numbers are
7 digits? Pioneer
psychologist George A
Miller theorized that our
short term memory can
hold around 7 items before
we begin to forget them.
Try it yourself. Have a friend
make a list of 10 words or
numbers. Read once and try
to recall as many as you
can. Most people top out at
around 7.

18. Bad memories can be erased using electroshock
therapy. Marijn Kroes, a neuroscientist at Radboud University
Nijmegen in the Netherlands found that by deliberately timing
electroconvulsive shocks, they could interrupt patient's memories
of a disturbing event.

19. Women's memoryis enhanced
by a deep voice. Researchers from the University of
Aberdeen King's College in Scotland and McMaster
University in Canada found that women were able
to recall more information when given by a man
with a deep baritone versus a man with a high-
pitched voice. Male memories did not appear to be
influenced by the pitch of a female's voice.

20. You can be tricked into
remembering things
that didn't happen.
Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus
has performed many studies
including one where subjects
were told they had met Bugs
Bunny at Disneyland. This is
impossible since Bugs is a not a
Disney character.
Approximately 20 percent of
the participants truly believed
the fake memories as their
own.

21. Insulin helps promote
memory. We all know insulin is vital to
regulating blood sugar levels, but
scientists have also discovered that
sniffing insulin seems to help those
suffering with Alzheimer's by
improving their memory functions.
More trials are needed, but experts
feel results are promising.

22. You can grow your brain for better
memorization. A study done with London taxi
cab drivers, over several years, showed that those who
had been on the job the longest had grown a larger
than normal hippocampus, the region of the brain
responsible for memory.

23. Anomi
a. This is the
technical word for
when you are
trying to
remember
something and
"it's on the tip of
your tongue".

24. We have more storage in our brain
than we need. Paul Reber, professor of
psychology at Northwestern University says "The
human brain consists of about one billion
neurons, amounting to more than a trillion
connections. If your brain worked like a DVR in a
television, you would have to leave the TV running
continuously for more than 300 years to use up all
that storage."

25. Memories can live on, even if we can't
access them
• Could forgotten songs
continue to live on inside
our heads, without us
knowing?
• In a 2013 report of a strange
case in the journal Frontiers
in Neurology, researchers
described a woman who
had musical hallucinations
of song that she didn't
recognize, but others did.

26. Brains may be programmed to forget
infancy
• Our earliest childhood
memories fade, and
there's likely a reason
for that, researchers
say. Most often, people
don't recall any
memories from their
earliest years of life,
usually before age 3 or
4. This is called infantile
amnesia.

27. Brains may be programmed to forget
infancy
Scientists
previously
thought that
early
memories
were there,
but children
just didn't
have the
language skills
to verbalize
them.

28. Brain injuries may cause forgetting
It is possible to lose
memories before they
even have a chance to
become stored, due to
injuries in the brain's
structures that are
specifically involved in
handling memory
formation, maintenance
and recall. Damage to
these areas can result in
curious forms of amnesia.

29. Brain injuries may cause forgetting
• In one of the most-studied cases of such
amnesia, Patient H.M. lost the ability to form
any new memories after a part of his brain,
the hippocampus, was removed during a
surgery to treat his epilepsy.
• Another famous case records the story of
Patient E.P., who had a similar fate after he
had inflammation of the brain caused by a
virus.

30. THE HUMAN
MEMORY
Since time immemorial,
humans have tried to
understand what memory
is, how it works and why it
goes wrong. It is an
important part of what
makes us truly human, and
yet it is one of the most
elusive and misunderstood
of human attributes.

31. References
Minkel, J. (2001, October 23). Lefties May Possess Superior Memory for
Events. Scientific American.
Highfield, R. (2001, October 22). Left-handers recall events more easily.The
Teleghraph. Retrieved August 2, 2015,
fromhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/13601
83/Left-handers-recall-events-more-easily.html
Mohs, P. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-
brain/human-memory3.htm

32. Why You Forget: 5 Strange Facts About Memory (LiveScience)
By: Gholipour, http://www.livescience.com/44940-strange-facts-about-
memory.html
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_memory
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_memory
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_memory
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgetting