definition, caues,sign and symptoms,diagnosis, management

1. RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

2. INTRODUCTION
 Respiratory tract infection refers to any of a
number of infectious diseases involving
the respiratory tract
 It is classified in to 2 types they are:
 UPPER RESPIRATORYTRACT INFECTION
 LOWER RESPIRATORYTRACT INFECTION

3. The upper respiratory tract
consists
 Following parts

4.  The lower respiratory tract consists of

5. ABOUT URTI
 Upper respiratory tract
infections (URI or URTI) are the illnesses
caused by an acute infection which involves
the
 upper respiratory tract
 : nose,
 sinuses,
 pharynx or larynx.
 This commonly includes:
tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otit
is media, and the common cold.

6. X-RAY OF URTI

7. ABOUT LRTI
o Inflammation of the air passages within the
lungs.
o Trachea(windpipe),and the large & small
bronchi(airways)within the lungs become
inflamed because of the infection.
• I t divided into 2 types :
 BRONCHITIS
 PNEMONIA

8.  BRONCHITIS

9. BRONCHITIS DIVIDED INTO:
A. Acute(viruses,pollutant)
B. Chronic(prolonged smoking,heavy
exposure to pollutants

10. BRONCHITIS CHEST X-RAY

12.  PNEUMONIA

13. PNEMONIA CHEST X-RAY

14. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
1. Rhinitis
2. Pharyngitis/Tonsilitis
3. Laryngitis(common cold)
4. Sinusitis
5. Ear infection
6. Cough
7. Sore throat
8. Runny nose

15. Cntd……
9.Headache
10.Lowgrade fever
11.Facial pressure
12.Sneezing

16. CAUSES
VIRUSES(Rhinovirus, Coronavirus,
Adenovirus).
BACTERIA(Group A Strptococcus)
Influenza

17. RISK FACTORS
 physical or close contact with someone
with a upper respiratory infection
 poor hand washing after contact with an
individual with upper respiratory infection;
 close contact with children in a group
setting, schools or daycare centers;
 contact with groups of individuals in a
closed setting, such as, traveling, tours,
cruises

18. Cntd…
 smoking or second-hand smoking.
 health care facilities, hospitals, nursing
homes.

19. Cntd…
 Immuno compromised state (compromised
immune system) such as, HIV, organ
transplant, congenital immune defects,
long term steroid use.

20. PATHOPYSIOLOGY OF URTI
Bacteria
&Viruse
s
Direct hand-
hand contact
Droplet
Enters to the nose by
inhaling
Immune defenses
Hair lining filters and trap
some pathogens

21. Cntd…
Traps in URT which
coats by mucus
Junction of the
posterior nose to
pharynx

22. Cntd… Impinge on the back
of the throat
Transport pathogens
upto pharynx
Inflammatory
response to immune
system
SWELLING ERYTHMA
Increasing of
MUCUS
SECRETION
FEVER

23. PATHOPYSIOLOGY OF LRTI
Cigarette
smoking
Inflammation
Bradykinin,
Histamine,
Prostaglandin

24. Cntd….
Increasing capillary permeability
Fluid/cellular exudation
Edema of mucous membrane

25. Cntd….
Hypersecretion of mucus
Persistant cough

26. DIAGNOSIS
 The diagnosis of upper respiratory
infection is based on :
1. Symptoms,
2. Physical examination, and
3. Laboratory tests.

27. Cntd…
o By taking bacterial cultures with nasal
swab, throat swab
o Evaluation of allergies,asthma
o Enlarged lymphnodes and sore throat

28. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
o BLOOD tests
o SPUTUMTESTS
o X-RAYs of the neck
o CT scan
o NASAL ANDTHROAT SWAB

29. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
 In physical examination of an individual with upper
respiratory infection, a doctor may look for
1. swollen and redness inside wall of the nasal cavity (sign
of inflammation),
2. redness of the throat,
3. enlargement of the tonsils,
4. white secretions on the tonsils ,
5. enlarged lymph nodes around the head and neck,
6. redness of the eyes, and
7. facial tenderness (sinusitis).
8. Other signs may include bad breath (halitosis), cough,
voice hoarseness, and fever.

30. TREATMENT
 There are 2 types of treatments they are:
PHARMACOLOGICAL AND
 NON PHARMACOLOGICALTREATMENT.

31. NON PHARMACOLOGICAL TRATMENT
 Patients should be encouraged to drink
fluids prevent dehydration & possible
decrease the viscosity of respiratory
secretions.
 use of vaporization may further promote
the thinning & losening of RESPIRATORY
SECRETIONS

32. PHARMACOLOGICAL TRATMENT
A. NSAIDS such as (T.IBUPROFEN +
T.PARACETAMOL) Dose: for
adults(400mg+325mg) for
children(100mg+125mg) t/d………
B. ANTIHISTAMINES such as
Syp.DIPHENEDRINE Dose: (10-20 ml) for
adults for children (5-7.5ml) Q4h

33. Cntd…..
3. ANTITUSSIVES such as Syp.ROBITUSSIN
Dose: adults(10-20ml), children(5-10ml)
Q4h.
4.STEROIDS such as T.PREDNISONE Dose:
adults (5mg), children(4-5mg) BD.
5.DECONGESTANTS such as
T.PSEUDOEPHEDRINE Dose:
adults(60mg),children(30mg)TD.

34. Cntd…
 ANTIBIOTICS.
1. CIPROFLOXACIN for adults (500mg) for
children(5o-15omg)BD
2. AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULATE for adults
(500+125mg), for children(250_125mg)TD
3. TETRACYLINE for adults(250_500mg), for
children(125-250mg

35. Cntd….
 Rarely surgical procedures may be
necessary in case of complicated sinus
infections, comprised airway with difficulty
in breathing

36. Some of the home remedies for
respiratory infection?
1. Making steam in shower by turning on the hot
water (without going under it) and breathing
the steamed air.
2. Drinking warm beverages (hot tea, warm
milk).
3. Using a vaporizer to create humidity in the
room; and
4. Avoid cold, dry air if possible.
5.HONEY can be used.

37. Nursing diagnosis

1. Ineffective breathing pattern related to the
inflammatory process in the respiratory tract,
pain.
Goal: effective breathing pattern back.
Outcomes: Breath back to normal and
increased supply of oxygen to the lungs.

38. Intervention:

Provide a comfortable position at the same time
can easily remove secretions.
 Create and maintain a free airway.
 Encourage the family to bring clothes looser,
thinner and absorb sweat.
 Give oxygenation and nebulizer in accordance
with the doctor's instructions.
 Give the medication according to the doctor's
instructions (bronchodilator).
 Observation of vital signs, presence of cyanosis, as
well as the pattern, the depth of breathing.

39. Con------------
 Ineffective airway clearance related to
mechanical obstruction of the airway
secretions, the inflammatory process, increased
production of secretions.
Goal: independent of airway secretions barriers
Outcomes: a clean and airway patent,
increasing spending secretions.

40. Intervention:

Perform suctioning secretions if necessary.
 Prevent not to occur on the neck hyperextended position.
 Provide a comfortable position and prevent aspiration of
secretions (semiprone and side lying position).
 Give nebulizer according to the instructions your doctor.
 Instruct not to give drink to prevent aspiration during the
period of tachypnea.
 Collaboration with physicians in the provision of adequate
parenteral fluid.
 Provide sufficient air humidity.
 Observations spending secretions and vital signs.

41. Con---------
 Anxiety related to the disease experienced by
the child, the child's hospitalization
Goal: Decreasing anxiety experienced by
parents
Outcomes: the family is often asked the officer
and would be actively involved in caring for
children.

42. Intervention:
 Provide sufficient information to parents (care
and treatment given).
 Give a boost in morale to parents.
 Explain the treatment given and the child's
response to treatment.
 Encourage the families to ask if they see things
that are less understood / not clear.
 Encourage the family to engage directly and
actively in their care.
 Observation that the level of anxiety
experienced by families.