Pneumonia is an inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma that is commonly caused by infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, or due to aspiration. It is classified based on its causes and the areas of lung involvement. Common symptoms include fever, cough with purulent sputum, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves physical examination, chest x-ray, and tests of sputum or blood samples. Treatment depends on the causative agent but generally involves antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and chest physiotherapy. Nursing care focuses on preventing infection spread, maintaining nutrition, clearing secretions, and providing patient education.

1. PNEUMONIA

2. PNEUMONIA – DEFINITION
 It Is an inflammatory process
of the lung parenchyma that is
commonly caused by
infectious agents.

3. causes
 Bacteria
 viruses
 Droplets infection
 Aspiration pneumonia

4. Classification
According to causes
 Bacterial pneumonia
 Viral pneumonia
 Fungal pneumonia
 Chemical pneumonia (ingestion /
inhalation of irritating substance)
 Inhalation pneumonia (aspiration
pneumonia)

5. According to areas involved
 Lobar pneumonia; if one or more lobe is
involved.
 Broncho-pneumonia; the pneumonic
process has originated in one or more
bronchi and extends to the surrounding
lung tissue.

6. Predisposing factors
 Immuno-suppresed patients
 Cigarette smoking
 Difficult swallowing (due to stroke,
dementia, parkinsons disease, or other
neurological conditions)
 Impaired consciousness ( loss of brain
function due to dementia, stroke, or other
neurological conditions)

7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to etiological factors
Infection in lung parenchyma
Increasing inflammatory changes in lungs
Necrosis of the lungs
Hypoxia of the lung tissue
Impaired gases exange
dyspnea

8. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
 Chills
 Rapidly rising fever ( 39.5 to 40.5 degree)
 chest pain aggravated by respiration and
coughing
 Tachypnea,
 Use of accessory muscles for respiration
e.g. abdomen and intercostals muscles

9. Con----------
 Cough with purulent, blood stained
sputum
 Shortness of breath
 Loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue
 Cyanosed lips and nail beds

10. Diagnostic tests
 History taking
 Physical examination
 Chest x-ray
 Blood test- WBC count
 Sputum culture
 Blood Cultures

11. Findings on physical Exam
 Physical:
Vitals: Fever or hypothermia
Lung Exam: Crackles, rhonchi,
dullness to percussion or
 Labs:
Elevated WBC

12. Chest X-ray -- Pneumonia

13. Medical management
 Antibiotic, depending on sputum and
blood culture
 Oxygen therapy
 Chest physiotherapy

14. MANAGEMENT
 Outpatient:
– Macrolide (Azithromycin)
– Fluoroquinolone (Levaquin,
Moxifloxacin)
– Doxycycline
 Inpatient:
– Beta-Lactam + Macrolide
Ceftriaxone + Azithromycin
– Fluoroquinolone (Levaquin,
Moxifloxacin)

15. NURSING MANGMENT
 Provide a high calorie, high protein diet of
soft foods.
 To prevent aspiration during nasogastric
tube feedings, check the position of tube,
and administer feedings slowly.
 To control the spread of infection,
dispose secretions properly.

16. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
 Frequent turning of bed ridden patients
and early ambulation as much as
possible.
 Coughing and breathing techniques.
 Sterilization of respiratory therapy
equipment.

17. Con------------
 Suctioning of secretion in the
unconscious who have poor
cough and swallowing reflexes,
to prevent aspiration of
secretions and its accumulation.

18. Complications:
 Acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS)
 Pleural effusion
 Lung abscesses
 Respiratory failure (which requires
mechanical ventilator)
 Sepsis, which may lead to organ failure

19. PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE
 To protect against infected
diseases.

20. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 IMPAIRED BREATHING PATTERN
 INEFFECTIVE AIRWAY CLEARENCE
 IMBALANCED NUTRITION
 SLEEP PATTERN DISTURBANCE
 FEAR AND ANXIETY
 KNOWLEDGE DEFICIT

21. Thank you