This presentation is about how to treat oral cancer using vibrational spectroscopy methods.

1. DEPARTMENT OF
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

2. DEPARTMENT VISION & MISSION
VISION
To achieve academic excellence in biomedical engineering by developing engineers with
state of the art technological skill and professional ethics, to support healthcare need of
society.
MISSION
• To provide excellent education to students and prepare them as professional who can
cater to the need of medical engineering field with an aspiration for research and higher
studies.
• To groom the students as employable biomedical engineers by furnishing a forum for
industry-institute interaction that focuses on the need of the hour.
• To instill the social responsibility and professional ethics among the students.
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3. Biomedical applications of vibrational spectroscopy: Oral cancer diagnostics
Guided by:
Aswin Raj V
Assistant Professor
Biomedical Dept.
Presented by:
Feba Elza Mathew
S7 Biomedical
TKI20BM026 & 7124
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Coordinated by:
Aswin Raj V
Assistant Professor
Biomedical Dept.

4. INTRODUCTION
• Cancer starts when cells change (mutate) and grow out of control.
• Oral cancer is part of a group of cancers called head and neck cancers.
• It starts in cells that make up the inside of the mouth or the lips.
• Almost all oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. This means they start in
the cells that make the lining of the mouth.
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Symptoms
• sore on your lip
• white or red patch on your gums, tongue, or lining of your mouth
• Abnormal bleeding, pain, or numbness in your mouth
• Trouble chewing or swallowing
• Numbness in your mouth or tongue
• Fatigue

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Traditional Diagnosis Methods
• Physical examination
• Endoscopy
• Biopsy
• HPV testing
• X-ray
• Computed tomography scan
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• PET scan

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• Vibrational spectroscopy is a valuable tool in the field of oral cancer research and
diagnosis.
• To analyze the molecular composition of tissues and cells in the oral cavity,
offering insights into the presence and characteristics of oral cancer.
• Two common vibrational spectroscopy techniques used in this context are Raman
spectroscopy and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy.
VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY

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IR Spectroscopy
• Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the
interactions between molecules and their vibrational and rotational motions.
• It is based on the principle that molecules absorb and emit infrared radiation at
characteristic frequencies corresponding to their vibrational and rotational modes.
• It can be used in the diagnosis of oral cancer and involves the analysis of the
interaction between infrared radiation and molecules in a sample to obtain
information about their structure and composition.

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Raman Spectroscopy
• Raman spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to study the vibrational,
rotational, and other low-frequency modes of molecules.
• It provides information about the chemical composition, molecular structure, and
interactions of substances by measuring the inelastic scattering of monochromatic
light.
• Raman spectroscopy is a promising tool for diagnosing oral cancer and detecting
precancerous lesions. This non-invasive and label-free technique offers several
advantages for oral cancer diagnosis, including its ability to provide real-time
information about tissue composition and molecular changes.

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Applications of Histopathology in Raman & IR spectroscopy
1. In Raman Spectroscopy
• Raman spectroscopy has been used for the analysis of histological samples in oral
cancer diagnostics. It has been applied to distinguish serum samples from patients
with buccal mucosa and tongue cancer from those of healthy volunteers, with an
efficacy of 85%.
• Raman spectroscopy has been used for the analysis of tissue samples in spectro-
histopathology. It has been employed to rapidly scan large areas of tissue and has
shown potential for diagnostic screening.

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2. In IR Spectroscopy
• IR spectroscopy has the advantage of being able to rapidly scan large areas of tissue,
making it suitable for the requirement of spectro-histopathology.
• However, the presence of inflammation, particularly in the connective tissue of
biopsies, may potentially affect the diagnostic accuracy of IR spectroscopy.
• Saliva, which can be probed using IR spectroscopy, also shows potential for oral
cancer diagnostics.

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Application of Raman & IR spectroscopy in Cytology
1. In Raman spectroscopy
• It has been applied to analyze cellular components and identify spectral markers
associated with oral potentially malignant disorders and cancer .
• Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the biochemical composition of cells
and detect changes indicative of disease progression .
• Specific examples of the application of Raman spectroscopy in cytology include
the analysis of oral cytological samples for the diagnosis of oral cancer.

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2. In IR spectroscopy
• It has been employed to study the biochemical composition of cells and detect
changes indicative of disease progression.
• IR spectroscopy can provide a biochemical "fingerprint" of the sample under
interrogation based on the distinctive vibrations of the constituent molecules.
• The use of IR spectroscopy in cytology allows for non-invasive and rapid screening
of cells, potentially aiding in the early detection and diagnosis of oral cancer

14. Applications of Raman & IR spectroscopy in BioFluid analysis
1. In Raman spectroscopy
• Raman spectroscopy has been applied to the analysis of biofluids, including blood
and saliva, for diagnostic purposes, particularly in the field of oral cancer
diagnostics .
• Raman spectroscopic analysis of blood samples has been used to distinguish serum
samples from patients with oral cancer from those of healthy volunteers, with amino
acids and lipids identified as significant Raman bands.
• Raman spectroscopy offers the advantage of non-invasive analysis of biofluids,
providing a potential tool for early identification and screening of oral abnormalities
.
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2. In IR spectroscopy
• IR spectroscopy has been used for the analysis of biofluids, including saliva, in the
field of oral cancer diagnostics.
• It can provide a biochemical "fingerprint" of the sample based on the distinctive
vibrations of the constituent molecules.
• IR spectroscopy has been employed to identify salivary components such as
proteins, glycoproteins, and lipids that may be associated with the presence of oral
cancer or epithelial dysplasia.
• The use of IR spectroscopy in biofluid analysis offers the advantage of objective,
label-free analysis based on the molecular content of the sample, potentially aiding
in the diagnosis and monitoring of oral cancer.

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Application of Raman & IR spectroscopy in In vivo
1. In Raman Spectroscopy
• Raman spectroscopy has the potential for in vivo analysis, particularly in the field of
oral cancer diagnostics, allowing for non-invasive screening and monitoring of oral
abnormalities.
• Raman spectroscopy has been applied to blood samples for oral cancer diagnostics,
where it has been shown to distinguish serum samples from patients with buccal
mucosa and tongue cancer from those of healthy volunteers.

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2. In IR spectroscopy
• IR spectroscopy has the potential for in vivo analysis, particularly in the field of oral
cancer diagnostics, allowing for non-invasive screening and monitoring of oral
abnormalities.
• Inadequate resection margins in oral cancer surgery increase the likelihood of local
recurrence. IR spectroscopy has been explored as an aid in delineating surgical
margins, with the potential to guide surgical resection based on water concentration
differences between tumors and surrounding normal tissue.

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COMPARISON
Features Vibrational
spectroscopy
Traditional
methods
Invasiveness non-invasive and require
minimal or no sample
preparation, making them
less uncomfortable for the
patient.
invasive and often require
tissue samples or surgical
interventions.
speed provide rapid analysis and
can provide real-time
results, allowing for quick
diagnostic evaluations.
require time-consuming
procedures, laboratory
processing, and longer
turnaround times for
results.
Molecular information provides molecular-level
information about the bio-
molecular composition and
structural changes
associated with cancerous
tissues.
provides information about
tissue morphology but may
not provide detailed
molecular information.

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Sensitivity and
specificity
high sensitivity and specificity
in distinguishing cancerous
from non-cancerous tissues due
to the characteristic spectral
features related to various types
of cancer.
may provide anatomical
information but may not have
the same molecular-level
specificity as vibrational
spectroscopy.
Depth
penetration
is a surface-sensitive technique
and may have limitations in
analyzing deeper tissues or
tumors located in inaccessible
regions
imaging techniques can provide
a comprehensive view of the
anatomical features and depth of
tumors.
Cost once standardized and adopted,
may offer a more cost-effective
alternative.
expensive due to the need for
imaging equipment, laboratory
processing, and expertise
required for histopathology
evaluation.

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FUTURE SCOPE
• Early detection of the disease. These techniques can identify molecular and structural
changes in tissues, often before the cancer becomes clinically apparent.
• Vibrational spectroscopy techniques can be applied non-invasively or minimally
invasively, allowing for cancer screening without the need for invasive procedures
like biopsies
• Vibrational spectroscopy can be used to monitor how cancer responds to treatment.
• It can provide additional information about the biochemical and molecular
characteristics of cancer tissues, enhancing diagnostic accuracy.
• Vibrational spectroscopy can be applied to liquid biopsy samples, such as blood and
urine, to detect cancer-related biomarkers.
• Vibrational spectroscopy can be used to analyze biological fluids for cancer
biomarkers.

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CONCLUSION
• Vibrational spectroscopy, specifically infrared absorption and Raman scattering, has
shown promise for biomedical applications in the diagnosis of oral potentially
malignant disorders and cancer.
• The use of Raman spectroscopy has been explored for the analysis of histological,
cytological, and saliva samples, demonstrating its potential for non-invasive and rapid
screening of oral lesions.
• The future prospects of vibrational spectroscopy in oral cancer diagnostics include the
development of predictive models for comparative screening, the investigation of
inflammation's influence on diagnostic accuracy, and the refinement of dysplasia
classification.
• Further research is needed to explore the diagnostic potential of saliva samples,
establish reference databases, and investigate the ability of Raman spectroscopy to
predict oral cancer recurrence.

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REFERENCES
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Galvin1, Claire M. Healy1, Stephen Flint1, Fiona M. Lyng.(2021). Spectrochimica
Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy (Elsevier)-Vol. 252, pp
119470-119470
2. Stéphane Derruau, Julien Robinet, Valérie Untereiner, Olivier Piot, Ganesh D.
Sockalingum, Sandrine Lorimier.(2020). Molecules (Multidisciplinary Digital
Publishing Institute)-Vol. 25, Iss: 18, pp 4142
3. Hugh J. Byrne (2017). Biomedical optics (Optical Society of America).

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4. Maria Paraskevaidi1, Maria Paraskevaidi2, Matthew J. Baker, Holly J. Butler, Byrne
J. Hugh, Chakkumpulakkal P. V. Thulya3, Christie Loren4, Crean StJohn2, Gardner
Peter5, Gassner Callum3, Kazarian G. Sergei1, Kochan Kamila3, Kyrgiou Maria1,
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Evangelos9, Pebotuwa Savithri3, Adegoke A. John3, Sala Alexandra, Santos
Marfran, Sulé-Suso Josep, Tyagi Gunjan, Walsh Michael, Wood Bayden.(2021).
Applied Spectroscopy Reviews (Taylor and Francis)-Vol. 56, pp 804-868

24. THANK YOU
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