Building Waste Reduction Methods

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SOURCE IDENTIFICATION AND MINIMIZATION
OF WASTE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
USING RII AND IMP.I. METHOD
Conference Paper · April 2016
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1587.4165
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International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-3-1
09th
April, 2016, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 231
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION AND MINIMIZATION OF
WASTE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION USING
RII AND IMP.I. METHOD
Ashish H. Makwana 1
, Ranchhod M. Mata 2
, Dr. Jayeshkumar R. Pitroda 3
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Marwadi Education Foundation,
Rajkot, Gujarat, India 1
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Marwadi Education Foundation,
Rajkot, Gujarat, India 2
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, B.V.M. Engineering College,
Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 3
Abstract: Development of infrastructural facilities is accompanied by construction,
remodeling and demolition projects. Rapid growth in construction activities increases
construction waste problems around the world. A Construction waste consists of unwanted
material produced directly or indirectly by the construction industries. This includes inert
and non-biodegradable building materials such as concrete, plaster, wood, metal, broken
tiles, bricks, masonry, insulation, nails, electrical wiring, and rebar, as well as waste
originating from site. In construction, Material, Manpower, Money Machine play crucial
role. Depending on the type of a housing project, building materials account for 60 to 70% of
the project cost, and about 10 % material ends up as waste so there is great cost significance
for material waste. Construction waste gives a negative impact to the environment, costs,
time, productivity and social of the country. To reduce these negative impacts, it needs a
comprehensive understanding of the construction waste generation and management. The
excessive wastage of materials, improper management on site and low awareness of the need
for waste reduction are common in the local construction sites in India. There are many
sources of generation of waste in construction as Design and documentation, Handling of
material and equipment, Worker’s influences, Management of the firm, Site condition,
Procurement of Materials, Operation on site and external factors. The construction industry
accounts about 10 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of India, hence there is great
significance in cost saving for India. Therefore, construction waste should be clearly
identified and minimizes to gain maximum advantage from material waste minimization.

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However, study has shown that there is Lack of Awareness in the Industry, Lack of interest
from clients, Lack of proper training and education about the construction waste. In this
project, data is collected through questionnaires and personal interviews targeting
Engineers, Project Managers, Architects and Contractors. All factors contributing to
generation of construction waste have been ranked through Relative Importance Index (RII)
method and Important Index (IMP.I.) method using the response acquired from stakeholders.
Keywords: Construction Industry, Construction Waste, Data, Factors
I. INTRODUCTION
The scarcity in the availability of aggregate and other construction materials for the
production of concrete is one of the important problems facing by the construction industry.
Appropriate use of the construction waste is a solution to the fast degradation of virgin raw
materials in the construction industry. Environmental impact of construction waste is also
significant, sometimes the wastes from small projects are buried in the site itself, forming an
impervious layer, which adversely affect the growth of vegetation, prevent the infiltration of
surface runoff into the ground water table and lead to high level of environmental imbalance.
Again at the same time, it is also affecting the economy of the project also; high level of
waste associating shortage of virgin material available which ultimately leading to the
increase in the price of material. Cost significance is associated with the transportation and
dumping of the waste material which will increase the cost to the owner.
In construction work, material, manpower, money, machine play crucial role. Depending
on the type of a housing project, building materials account for 60 to 70% of the project cost.
Alan et al. (2009) in his studies found that upto 30% of construction is rework, labour is used
at only 40 to 60% of potential efficiency, accidents accounts for 3 to 6% of total project cost
and at least 10% of materials are wasted. Observational research has shown that this can be as
high as 10 to 15% of the materials that go into a building, a much higher percentage than the
2.5-5% is usually assumed by quantity surveyors and the construction industry. So, through
material waste management employee are able to scale back the general project value by
waste minimization or most utilization of resources.

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II. DEFINING CONSTRUCTION WASTE
Construction waste has been defined in many ways. The Building Research
Establishment-BRE (1978) defined waste as “the difference between materials ordered and
those placed for fixing on building projects”. Another definition emerged from BRE (1981)
stating that waste is “any material apart from earth materials, which needed to be transported
elsewhere from the construction site or used on the site itself other than the intended specific
purpose of the project.” (3)
In Hong Kong, the definition by HK Polytechnic made it clear what construction waste is
defining it as: “The by-products generated and removed from construction, renovation and
demolition workplaces or sites of building and civil engineering structures” (25)
.
Waste is “quality costs, lack of safety, rework, unnecessary transportation trips, long
distances, improper choice of management, methods or equipment and poor constructability.”
(8)
According to the new production philosophy, waste should be understood as any
inefficiency that results in the use of equipment, materials, labour, or capital in larger
quantities than those considered as necessary in the production of a building. Waste
includes both the incidence of material losses and the execution of unnecessary work,
which generates additional costs but do not add value to the product. (13)
III. TYPES OF WASTE IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
1. Material Waste
I. Direct Waste (mixture of inert and non-inert materials arising from construction,
excavation, renovation, demolition, roadwork and other construction-related
activities)
II. Indirect Waste (physical construction waste found on-site and other waste which
occurs during the construction process)
2. Time Waste (non-value adding activities that takes time, resources or space but does
not add value to end product or service)

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IV.CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE
1. Waste by Nature (categorized in two types: i. Avoidable - higher cost of waste than the
cost to prevent it, and ii. unavoidable waste - when the investment necessary for its
reduction is higher than the economy product)
2. Waste by Resources (wastage from the resources applied to the particular activity or
Project i.e. Men hours, Materials, Machineries, Working hours)
3. Waste by Losses
I. Direct waste (complete loss of materials, due to the fact that they are irreparably
damaged or simply lost)
II. Indirect waste (materials are not physically lost such as concrete slab thickness larger
than specified by the structural design, use of materials in excess of quantities
allowable under the contract, and from errors)
4. Waste by Source (stage in which the root causes of waste occurs such as materials
manufacturing, training of human resources, design, and material supply and planning, as
well as the construction stage)
V. SOURCES OF GENERATION OF WASTE
 Design and Documentation of the Project
 Management of the Project
 Handling of material on site
 Worker’s Influence
 Procurement of Resources
 Operation on Site
 Site Condition
 External factors
VI.ELEMENTS OF A WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
 Setting Goals
 Waste audit
 Waste disposal options

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o Reusable Materials
o Recyclable Materials
o Unwanted Waste
o Hazardous Waste
 Waste handling requirements
 Transportation requirements
VII. NEED OF THE STUDY
Central Pollution Control Board has estimated current quantum of solid waste generation
in India to the tune of 48 million tons per annum of which waste from Construction Industry
accounts for 25%. Effective minimization of waste contributes to profit maximization which
is the reason for the existence of most companies. Unfortunately, most contractors have failed
to initiate measures to reduce the cost of waste and in turns reduce the burden they inflict on
their clients in the form of extra charges. Without reduction in waste, companies produce at
high cost, incur high debts and soon folds up. Apart from that to reduce extraction of raw
materials, reduced transportation cost, improved profits and reduced environmental impact
are the main points of concentration in this study.
This Research is intended to draw the attention towards factors which are boosting up the
unnecessary cost of construction activity, and hence increasing the productivity of the
construction projects. The Research is also intended draw attention towards waste
management plan and making some frame work to establishment of waste management plan.
VIII. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 To identify and determine, the main factors that contributes the waste through detailed
literature review.
 To identify, the critical sources and causes of construction waste.
 Ranking the critical factors those contribute to generation of waste in actual work based
on survey.

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IX.SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this research work of source identification and minimization of waste in
building construction is considered for four cities of Central Gujarat Region of India:
Gandhidham, Adipur, Anjar, and Bhuj.
X. SURVEY WORK AND DATA COLLECTION
For survey work and data collection, questionnaire was prepared with the help of expert
advice and circulates it to the respondents involved in daily activities of construction work.
The questionnaire was designed in such a way that respondents can give the rank based on
the Likert scale. The analysis of these data was done by Relative Importance Index (RII)
method and Important Index (IMP.I.) method using Microsoft Excel.
XI.SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION
To obtain statistically representative sample size of the population, following equation 1
is used4
:
……………………………….……………………………................. (1)
Where, n, m and N represents the sample size of limited, unlimited and available population
respectively. Here, m is calculated by following equation 2.
……………..………………………….………………................... (2)
Where, z = the statistic value for the confidence level used, i.e. 1.96 and 1.645 for 95% and
90% confidence level respectively
p = the value of the population that estimated
e = the sampling error to estimated, because the value of p is unknown.
[Said S. Al-M suggests the value 0.5 to be used in sample.22
]
According to the targeted City and Stakeholders, the total no. of available population
comprises of 396.
Thus,

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Here, the confidence level is taken as 90%.
XII. QUESTIONNAIRE DISTRIBUTION AND COLLECTION
The questionnaire was distributed to various stakeholders by informing them regarding the
purpose of the research and asking them about their willingness to participate in the research.
Once the initial willingness was shown by the respondents, a questionnaire was given to
them.
Figure 1: Percentage of questionnaire distributed and responses received of Project Manager
Figure 2: Percentage of questionnaire distributed and responses received of Engineer

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Figure 3: Percentage of questionnaire distributed and responses received of Architect
Figure 4: Percentage of questionnaire distributed and responses received of Contractor
Figure 5: Total Percentage of questionnaire distributed and responses received

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Figure 6: Percentage of Responses received from various cities
XIII. RANKING METHODS
A. Relative Importance Index (RII) Method
Relative Importance Index method helps to determine the relative importance of the
various factors affecting waste. The six-point scale ranging from 1 (No impact on Waste) to 6
(Very high impact on Waste) is adopted and it is transformed to relative importance indices
(RII) for each factor as follows:
.....…………………………………………………………………...……... (3)
Where: W = the weight given to each factor by the respondents and ranges from 1 to 6
A = the highest weight = 6
N = the total number of respondents
B. Importance Index (IMP.I.) Method
Assaf and Al-Hejji (2006) used this Importance Index (IMP.I.) as a function of severity &
frequency to rank the causes of delay of large construction projects of Saudi Arabia.
1) Frequency Index (F.I.): A formula is used to rank risk event based on frequency of
occurrence as identified by the participants.
……………………………….………….. (4)
Where, a = constant expressing weighting given to each response (ranges from 1 for rarely
upto 4 for always)
n = frequency of the responses

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N = total number of responses
2) Severity Index (S.I.): A formula is used to rank risk event based on severity as indicated
by the participants.
………………....……………………….. (5)
Where, a = constant expressing weighting given to each response (ranges from 1 for little
upto 4 for severe)
n = frequency of the responses, N = total number of responses
3) Importance Index (IMP.I.): The importance index of each event is calculated as a function
of both frequency and severity indices, as follows:
..………………………......……………………….. (6)
TABLE 1:- RANKING BY RII & IMP.I. METHODS FOR OVERALL RESPONSE
Sr.
No
Factor for Generation of Waste RII RANK IMP.I RANK
1 Selecting the lowest bidder subcontract 0.6951 22 45.37478 26
2 Incomplete contract documents at commencement of project 0.5813 52 37.68962 42
3 Last minute client requirement 0.7561 9 55.30562 10
4 Ambiguities, mistakes, and changes in specifications 0.6626 34 42.16984 32
5 Frequent design changes 0.7520 11 55.8782 9
6 Design errors 0.5813 53 38.48156 41
7 Lack of design information 0.5488 61 23.17073 78
8 Poor design quality 0.5366 65 26.52439 66
9 Slow drawing distribution 0.5854 51 25.84771 68
10 Complicated design 0.6626 35 44.50476 30
11 Inexperience designer 0.5894 48 25.87745 67
12 Interaction between various specialists 0.4797 88 17.40036 90
13 Slow in making decisions 0.6707 31 48.31945 22
14 Poor site management 0.7358 13 52.16389 15

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15 Poor planning 0.7276 17 49.33076 19
16 Poor controlling 0.7846 6 53.49494 13
17 Poor information quality 0.5122 74 23.78049 76
18 Poor supervision 0.6707 32 41.77573 33
19 Lack of coordination among parties 0.4919 82 24.08537 74
20 Late information flow among parties 0.5163 73 24.26011 73
21 Scarcity of equipment 0.6748 28 30.45806 55
22 Waiting periods 0.5488 62 23.79164 75
23 Shortage of technical professionals 0.7276 18 49.59845 16
24 Lack of supervision 0.6748 29 35.64842 44
25 Lack of a quality management system 0.6667 33 57.58477 8
26 Communication problems 0.5041 44 20.30042 85
27 Delay in inspections 0.5976 46 32.79298 51
28 Lack of waste management plans 0.8130 2 69.96951 3
29 Non availability of equipment 0.5488 63 31.23141 53
30 Lack of environmental awareness 0.5325 69 40.57109 35
31 Wrong material storage 0.6870 24 49.57615 18
32 Poor material handling 0.6179 41 33.86377 48
33 Damage materials on site 0.5813 54 29.07867 57
34 Using materials with manufacturing Defects 0.5244 71 24.82897 70
35 Non feasibility of ordering small quantities 0.4878 83 14.3144 92
36 Conversion waste from cutting uneconomical shapes 0.6423 38 34.2616 46
37 Wrong storage of materials while execution 0.7114 20 43.30756 31
38 Damage due to improper loading and unloading technique 0.5081 75 25.61347 69
39 Over-sized elements which are very difficult to handle 0.5691 55 24.67281 71
40 Purchasing higher quality than required 0.7846 7 70.07733 2
41 Damage during transportation 0.5366 66 26.97055 62
42 Lack of onsite materials control 0.5894 49 33.83403 49

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43 Theft and vandalism 0.4309 94 19.96208 86
44 Unnecessary material handling 0.4512 93 22.12225 80
45 Insufficient instructions about handling 0.4593 90 17.84652 89
46 Poor quality of materials 0.6179 42 38.50015 39
47 Equipment failure 0.6057 44 33.10901 50
48 Delay during delivery 0.5366 67 26.53926 65
49 Tools not suitable 0.4837 86 17.95806 88
50 Workers' mistakes 0.7236 19 52.63608 14
51 Incompetent workers 0.7805 8 47.78406 23
52 Poor attitudes of workers 0.5610 58 21.80622 83
53 Improper Interaction between engineers and workers 0.5610 59 15.09518 91
54 Accidents due to negligence 0.6260 40 35.91612 43
55 Damage caused by workers 0.5366 68 23.68382 77
56 Insufficient training for workers 0.7358 14 54.37612 12
57 Lack of experience 0.7561 10 44.5345 28
58 Shortage of skilled workers 0.7967 5 54.87805 11
59 Inappropriate use of materials 0.5650 56 39.26234 38
60 Poor workmanship 0.6951 23 45.39709 25
61 Worker’s no enthusiasm 0.4593 91 18.21089 87
62 Abnormal wear of equipment 0.3984 95 13.77528 94
63 Too much overtime for workers 0.6341 39 40.26249 36
64 Ordering errors 0.5976 47 38.50015 40
65 Using damaged Equipment 0.5000 78 28.10827 60
66 Outdated equipment 0.6138 43 34.61481 45
67 Using wrong Equipment 0.4878 84 21.92148 82
68 Error in shipping 0.4797 89 28.42058 59
69 Mistakes in quantity surveys 0.6748 30 41.32585 34
70 Ignorance of specifications 0.7358 15 48.721 21

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71 Waiting for replacement 0.5244 72 24.65051 72
72 Using wrong method of work 0.5894 50 31.08269 54
73 Using old and laborious method 0.6626 36 44.57168 27
74 Carrying out work without taking clearance from engineer 0.4878 85 13.98721 93
75 Mistakes in Bar Bending Schedule 0.7073 21 45.95479 24
76 Unnecessary replacement of some bars by large diameter bars 0.6829 25 40.19929 37
77 Short unusable pieces are produced when bars are cut 0.8211 1 73.31945 1
78 Over production of material 0.8049 4 68.1514 5
79 Rework due to poor quality 0.6789 27 49.59845 17
80 Using of old and outdated equipment 0.5407 64 32.48067 52
81 Leftover materials on site 0.7358 16 62.30666 6
82 Poor site condition 0.6016 45 29.81484 56
83 Waste resulting from packaging 0.5528 60 34.13147 47
84 Congestion of the site 0.5000 79 22.01071 81
85 Lighting problem 0.5285 70 21.14813 84
86 Crews interference 0.4553 92 13.16181 95
87 Poor location of site 0.5000 80 23.07035 79
88 Unseen geometry of site 0.5650 57 26.72888 63
89 Accidents 0.6829 26 44.5122 29
90 Effect of weather 0.8130 3 60.32867 7
91 Lack of knowledge 0.6504 37 49.13742 20
92 Damages caused by third parties 0.5000 81 27.61005 61
93 Festivities 0.5081 76 28.78867 58
94 Unpredictable local conditions 0.4837 87 26.56157 64
95 Lack of law enforcement 0.7398 12 69.6163 4

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XIV. CONCLUSION
This research is intended to identify the factors contributing to generation of waste in
building construction at Kutch region. This study investigates all possible factors through a
structured questionnaire distributed in four cities of Kutch region at: Gandhidham, Adipur,
Anjar and Bhuj. For this research work, three types of stakeholders are selected: Engineers,
Project Managers, Architects and Contractors. Total 58 respondents are taken which are
decided based on population.
Table 2 represents the top 10 factors contributing to generation of waste in building
construction by RII and IMP. I Method.
TABLE 2:- RANKING BY RII & IMP.I. METHODS FOR OVERALL RESPONSE
Rank RII Method IMP. I Method
1
Short unusable pieces are produced when bars
are cut
Short unusable pieces are produced when
bars are cut
2 Lack of waste management plans Purchasing higher quality than required
3 Effect of weather Lack of waste management plans
4 Over production of material Lack of law enforcement
5 Shortage of skilled workers Over production of material
6 Poor controlling Leftover materials on site
7 Purchasing higher quality than required Effect of weather
8 Incompetent worker Lack of a quality management system
9 Last minute client requirement Frequent design changes
10 Lack of experience Last minute client requirement
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