2. What is recombinant DNA?
It is a form of DNA constructed in the laboratory, transferring selected pieces of
DNA from one organism to another.
The recombinant DNA molecule is inserted a host organism to produce new
genetic combinations that are of value to science, agriculture, medicine and
industry.
The first rDNA molecules, 1973, Paul Berg, Herbert Boyer, Annie Chang and
Stanley Cohen of Stanford university and University of California.
3. One of the first therapeutic proteins that was
Genetically cloned
Genetically manipulated mice
Hep B vaccine produced
by Recombinant DNA
tech. by inserting HPV
genetic information into
yeast cells
4. RDT is used for many different purposes in research, medicine,
agriculture and industry.
By 2001 over 80 recombinant DNA based products had been
approved for treating disease and for vaccination and a further
350 recombinant DNA-based drugs were being tested for safety
and efficacy.
In medicine, genetic engineering has been used to mass-produce
insulin, human growth hormones, follistim (for treating infertility),
human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors,
vaccines, and many other drugs.
Biochemical products of recombinant DNA technology in
agriculture include: golden rice, herbicide-resistant crops, and
insect-resistant crops.
Industrial applications include transforming microorganisms such
as bacteria or yeast, or insect mammalian cells with a gene coding
for a useful protein.
5. 1. Human Insulin
one of its earliest uses of RDNA tech. in pharmaceuticals was gene splicing to manufacture large
amounts of insulin, made using cells of E. coli bacteria.
Approval for use of recombinant insulin for treatment of diabetes mellitus was given in 1892
2. Interferon
Product of genetic engineering
Used to eliminate certain viruses and kill cancer cells
It is a type of cytokine and a type of biological response modifier
3. Human GH
Produced through genetically engineered bacteria and yeasts
Administered in dwarf patients to support normal growth and development
E.g, somatotropin
4. Human urokinase
Plasminogen activator used in vascular diseases
Used to dissolve blood clots or prevent development of blood clots
6. 5. Human factor VII
Blood clotting protein administered to patients forms of bleeding disorder,
hemophilia
To support normal blood coagulation
6. Bovine somatotropin
Hormone administered to lactating cows
Acts by preventing mammary cell death
7. Transgenic Bt plants
They are insect resistant transgenic plants
produced by incorporating insecticidal toxin, producing Bt genes
8. Genetically Modified Products
Organisms or plants whose genetic material has been altered using genetic
engineering
Used in biological and medical research, and production of pharmaceutical drugs,
experimental drugs, etc
Include GM vegetables, crops, microbes and animals
7. 9. Hereditary diseases carrier diagnosis
Tests to determine if a person is carrying the gene for : cystic fibrosis, Tay sachs disease,
Huntington’s disease or Duchenne muscular dystrophy
10. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
A gonadotropin (a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone)
E.g., Follistim AQ, hormone : regulates ovulation in infertile women who cannot ovulate
11. Recombinant chymosin
Enzyme use to manfacture cheese
First genetically engineered food additive used commercially
Today, about 60% of US hard cheese is made with g.e chymosin
12. Recombinant Hep. B vaccine
hepatitis B infection controlled through the use of recombinant hep. B vaccine
Contains a form of hep. B virus surface antigen produced in yeast cells
8. 13. Diagnosis of HIV infection
Three most widely used methods for diagnosing HIV infection has been developed using RD
; ELISA, Western blot & RT-PCR
ELISA & western blot use recombinant protein to test for presence of antibodies produced
by the body in response to HIV infection
RT-PCR looks for the presence of HIV genetic material
14. Golden rice
Recombinant variety of rice, engineered to express the enzymes responsible for beta
carotene biosynthesis
Promises to reduces incidences of vit. A deficiency worldwide
Not currently in use, pending regulatory and intellectual property issues
15. Energy application
Several microorganism, specifically cyanobacteria, mediate hydrogen production,
which is environment friendly energy source
Application of RDT have shown positive results to increase the hydrogen production
in cyanobacteria and other biofuels
Commercialization of this energy source will keep the environment clean
9. CONCLUSION
Recombinant DNA technology is an important development in science that has made the human
life much easier.
In recent years, it has advanced strategies for biomedical applications such as cancer treatment,
genetic diseases, diabetes, and several plants disorders especially viral and fungal resistance.
The challenges in improving the products at gene level sometimes face serious difficulties which
are needed to be dealt for the betterment of the recombinant DNA technology future.
Several concerns exist right now about the use of RDT and their products, so extensive research
is required in this field to overcome such issues and to resolve the issues of common people.