This document discusses various applications of recombinant DNA technology, including: 1) Diagnosis of genetic disorders through DNA-based tests that detect mutations associated with diseases. 2) DNA fingerprinting for forensic identification and paternity testing. 3) Bioremediation by developing microbes that degrade pollutants like oil spills. 4) Production of therapeutic proteins like insulin through recombinant bacteria and yeast. 5) Genetic modification of crops to improve growth, yield, and resistance to pests and diseases.

1. Applications of
Recombinant DNA
Technology
PRESENTED BY : HAMZA MUNIR & SOHAIB AHMAD
PRESENTED TO:. DR. FATIMA SUGHRA

2. Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders:
 Recombinant DNA technology has enabled the
development of DNA- based diagnostic tests for genetic
disorders.
 These tests can detect mutations in specific genes
associated with certain diseases, allowing for early
diagnosis and treatment.

3. DNA Fingerprinting:
 Fingerprinting is a technique that uses
recombinant DNA technology to analyze genetic
variations between individuals.
 This technique is used in forensic science to
identify suspects, as well as in paternity testing
and other applications.

4. Bioremediation
 Bioremediation: Recombinant DNA
technology has been used to develop
microorganisms that can degrade
environmental pollutants, such as oil
spills and toxic waste.
 These organisms can break down
harmful substances into less toxic
compounds, helping to clean up
contaminated sites.

5. Pharmaceutical products
 Some pharmaceutical applications of DNA
technology:
 Production of safer vaccines
 A number of therapeutic gene products —
insulin, the interleukins, interferons, growth
hormones, erythropoietin, and coagulation
factor VIII-are now produced commercially
from cloned genes

6.  Production of Recombinant Proteins:
 Recombinant DNA technology has allowed the production of large
quantities of recombinant proteins, such as insulin, growth
hormone, and clotting factors, for use in medicine.
 These proteins are produced by inserting the gene encoding the
desired protein into a host organism, such as bacteria or yeast,
which then produces the protein in large quantities.
 Recombinant bacteria are used in the production of human growth
hormone and human insulin.

8. Insulin:
- Hormone required to
properly process sugars
and fats
- Treat diabetes
Now easily produced by
bacteria

9. Genetic Modification of Crops:
 Recombinant DNA technology has enabled scientists to modify the genes of
plants to improve their growth, yield, and resistance to pests and diseases.
 This has led to the development of genetically modified crops that can grow
in adverse conditions and produce higher yields, helping to address food
shortages in many parts of the world.

10.  Insect-resistant tomato plants
 The plant on the left contains a gene that encodes a
bacterial protein that is toxic to certain insects that
feed on tomato plants.
 The plant on the right is a wild-type plant. Only the
plant on the left is able to grow when exposed to the
insects.

11.  The luciferase gene from a firefly is transformed
into tobacco plant using the Ti plasmid.
 Watering the plant with a solution of luciferin (the
substrate for firefly luciferase) results in the
generation of light by all plant tissues.

12. Applications of DNA sequencing
Molecular biology:
 Sequencing is used in molecular biology to study genomes and
the proteins they encode.
Evolutionary biology:
 Since DNA is an informative macromolecule in terms of
transmission from one generation to another, DNA
sequencing is used in evolutionary biology to study how
different organisms are related and how they evolved
Forensic investigation:

13. Transgenic animals

14. A transgenic mouse
 Mouse on right is normal;
 mouse on left is transgenic animal expressing rat growth hormone

15. Farm Animals and “Pharm” Animals
 Trangenic plants and animals have genes from other
organisms.
 These transgenic sheep carry a gene for a human blood
protein
 This protein may help in the treatment of cystic fibrosis

16. Other benefits of GMOs
 Disease resistance
 There are many viruses, fungi, bacteria that
cause plant diseases
 ”Super-shrimp”
 Cold tolerance
 ■ Antifreeze gene from cold water fish
introduced to tobacco and potato plants
 Drought tolerance & Salinity
tolerance
 ■ As populations expand, potential to grow
crops in otherwise inhospitable environments

17. Application in medicine
■ Human Gene Therapy
■Diagnosis of genetic disorders
■Forensic Evidence

18. Human Gene Therapy
 Human gene therapy seeks to repair the damage caused by a
genetic deficiency through introduction of a functional version
of the defective gene.
 To achieve this end, a cloned variant of the gene must be
incorporated into the organism in such a manner that it is
expressed only at the proper time and only in appropriate cell
types.
 At this time, these conditions impos serious technical and
clinical difficulties.

19.  Gene therapy is the alteration of an afflicted
individual’s genes
 Gene therapy holds great potential for treating
disorders traceable to a single defective gene
 Vectors are used for delivery of genes into cells
 Gene therapy raises ethical questions, such as whether
human germ-line cells should be treated to correct the
defect in future generations

21. Thank You