The document discusses different methods of colonial administration in Africa. It describes how European powers initially ruled through chartered companies but found them incompetent and expensive. Countries then took direct control over colonies. Britain primarily used indirect rule, governing through local chiefs and political systems. This created tensions as chiefs were resented for being oppressive. Indirect rule also intensified ethnic divisions and tensions within colonies. Resistance arose against British-imposed rulers, such as the Nyangire Rebellion against Ganda chiefs in Bunyoro. Overall, the document assess that while aiming to be cost-effective, indirect rule had negative long-term political and social impacts within African colonies.

1. COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
 Different countries used different methods of
administrations.
 Britain used direct and indirect rule.
 French used direct rule- Assimilation
 Portugal used direct rule-Comprador.
 German used direct rule

2. CHARTERED COMPANIES
 Initially the European powers started to rule after partition
through the chartered companies e.g. Imperial British
East Africa Company- Kenya and Uganda, under William
Mackinnon.
 Royal Niger Company in West Africa under Sir. George
Goldie.
 De Beers Company in South Africa under Cecil Rhodes.
 German East Africa Company in Tanganyika.
 Companies were used to exploit African resources
 Company officials were Brutal and corrupt pocketed the
 money and made colonies bankrupt

3. Chartered companies
 Never consulted the home governments,
 Many were incompetent and unskilled.
 Many colonial powers had underestimated the
costs of running the colonies. Hence companies
found it expensive .
 To cut down on the costs the Countries moved in
to administer the colonies directly.
 Early administrators were sons of rich men in their
various countries especially Britain many were
Oxbridge products (Oxford and Cambridge
graduates- full of themselves)

4. BRITISH RULE IN AFRICA
 It differed in regions-Egypt & South Africa –direct rule.
 Mostly they used indirect rule. Using the existing Political Institutions.
 Case studies British used indirect rule in East Africa -Uganda
 where the Buganda chiefs were used to rule the
 Bunyoro, Acholi, Lango and the Karamoja people
 .
 British established rule in Acholi later in 1909
 and so Acholi lagged behind in development e.g. in education.
 and the area is today disturbed -lords resistance army of Alice Lakwena.

5. Structure of British indirect system
 Colonial Office
 Governor of the colony
 Secretary of state
 Provincial Commissioner.
 District Commissioner.
 District Officers.
Traditional /Warrant chiefs
Village headmen.

6. Administration.
 British divided the territories into Provinces, Districts and locations.
 Reasons for indirect rule.
 1. Colonialism on the Cheap
 2. Paternalistic nature- Believed Africans were not
 capable of ruling themselves e.g. they were “half devils

 half child” so had to be placed under tutelage.
 3. Believed that the process of civilization had to be given in doses
 to avoid African being detribalized and “swollen headed”
 Africans not to be cut off from their roots hence created reserves where
 ethnic groups were confined so they planted the seeds of tribalism.

7. Administration
 British used chiefs to do their dirty work
 Collect taxes which they overcharged since before
1914 they were not paid.
 They maintained law and order.
 Recruited people for communal labor and as
carrier corps during the World Wars.
 Chiefs provided livestock and grain for the war
during the war to feed the troops.
 Were used to pass unpopular policies e.g.
compulsory labor. So Chiefs were hated.

8. Administration
 Type of rule was exploitative-Africa was mined very
quickly.
 The rule was abusive. There was no technological transfer
in exchange of solid minerals and raw materials.
 Thus Pax Britannica (pacification) was based on
“Westernization without Modernization”
 Subsidies were given from London only to pay colonial
administrators.
 Thus the Dual Mandate (develop colony and Metropole)
was a failure.
 British rule intensified existing tensions and civil wars that
had prevailed in Africa.

9. Reaction to indirect rule.
Nyangire Rebellion
 Took place in Bunyoro in Uganda
 Nyoro people not happy with Ganda chiefs.
 Rebellion broke out, the people refused the chiefs
due to:
 Refused to pay taxes to the Ganda who
overcharged them and became rich at their
expense
 Ganda took their land.
 Hated use of Ganda language Ganda seen as sub-
imperialists.
 Ganda chiefs were beaten and houses burnt

10. British rule in West Africa
 They used the Sokoto Caliphate that had a centralized political
 .system under a caliph and ruled with help of Emirs-governors.
 Hence used them to rule the various parts
in Nigeria. Left the Emir use the Kadhi courts
However they started to erode the powers of the Caliph.
The Igbo refused to be ruled and posed a serious challenge it was
much later in 1940s that the Igbo were contained.
Indirect rule created the current problem in Nigeria and Sudan.
Sudan was ruled indirectly by the Egyptians who left rule to the Arabized North.
What is happening in Darfur is a political genocide clothed in ethnicity. While what happened in
Southern Sudan was a political and religious Genocide. Legacy of British Indirect rule