3. Fungi are the microscopic, filamentous, heterotrophic,
eukaryotic, achlorophyllous, unicellular or multicellular
organisms which may reproduce by asexual and sexual
spores.
Fungi is a plant which can not differentiated into leaf,
root, Stem etc.
5. Cytoplasm contains organelles such as
mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes,
vacuoles, vesicles, microbodies, endoplasmic
reticulum, lysosomes
6. True fungi
Cell wall made up of
Chitin
False fungi
Cell wall made up
of Cellulose
chief storage products
of fungi are glycogen
and lipid
Plasma membrane or plasmalemma cell
membrane which enclosed the living
protoplast of the fungal cells
7. Nucleus has nuclear envelope comprising of two
typical unit membranes and a central dense area
known as nucleolus, which mainly consist of RNA
10. Only portion of thallus
become reproductive and
the remaining continue to
grow vegetatively
vegetative and
reproductive phases occur
together
thallus is differentiated
into vegetative part and
reproductive part
Oomycota, Ascomycota,
Basidiomycota
Eucarpic thallus / Filamentous thallus
11. Entire thallus is converted
into reproductive structure
vegetative and
reproductive phases don’t
occur together in the same
thallus
The thallus does not
show any differentiation
on vegetative and
reproductive structure
e.g. yeast,
Synchytrium endobioticum
Holocarpic thallus / Unicellular thallus
Y
east
12. Hypha (Pl. Hyphae) - Unit of Fungi
Mycelium (pl. Mycelia) - The hyphal mass
13. Tubular, transparent filament, usually branched,
composed of an outer cell wall and a cavity (lumen)
lined or filled with protoplasm including cytoplasm
Hyphae are divided into
compartments or cells by
cross walls called septa
1. septate (with cross wall)
2. coenocytic (aseptate
- without cross wall)
Hypha
16. hyphal mass or network of hyphae
constituting the body (thallus) of the
fungus is called as mycelium
Mycelium
Based on their growth on the host
1. Ectophytic e.g., Erysiphe sp.
2. Endophytic e.g., Leveillula taurica
1. Septate
2. Aseptate
1. Intercellular
2. Intracellular
1. Coloured
2.Hyaline
(Colourless)
19. Types of mycelium based on presence of Nucleus
Monokaryotic Homokaryotic
Dikaryotic
Heterokaryotic
20. Monokaryotic mycelium (uninucleate)
Mycelium contains single nucleus that usually forms
part of haplophase in the life cycle of fungi.
Dikaryotic mycelium (binucleate)
Mycelium contains pair of nuclei (dikaryon), which
denotes the diplophase in the life cycle of fungi.
Homokaryotic mycelium
The mycelium contains genetically identical nuclei.
Heterokaryotic mycelium
The mycelium contains nuclei of different genetic
constituents.
Multinucleate
The fungal cell contains more than 2 nuclei.
21. 1. Prosenchyma
loosely woven and the hyphae
lie parallel to one another
Plectenchyma
loosely or compactly
woven fungal tissues
have
distinguishable
and typical
elongated cells
2. Pseudoparenchyma (Gr. Pseudo = false) consists of
closely packed, more or less isodiametric or oval cells
resembling the parenchyma cells of vascular plants
not
distinguishable
24. 1. Rhizoid
(Gr. rhiza = root + oeides = like)
a short, root-like filamentous outgrowth of the thallus
generally formed in tufts at the base of small
unicellular thalli or small sporophores
1. Anchoring or attachment organ
2. Absorption of nutrients Chytridiomycetes,
Oomycetes
Zygomycetes
Specialized somatic structures
25. 2. Appressorium (Anchoring organ) (pl.
appresoria; L. apprimere = to press against)
Uredinales (rust fungi),
Erysiphales (powdery mildew
fungi) other fungi in their
parasitic or saprophytic stages
1. Pressing organ
2.Attach to the
surface of the host
26. 3. Haustorium (Feeding or absorbing organ)
(sing. haustorium; L. haustor = drinker)
knob-like
branched like a miniature root system balloon like
special hyphal structures or outgrowths of somatic
hyphae sent into the cell to absorb nutrients
27. 4. Stroma (pl. stromata)
(Gr. stroma = mattress)
a compact, somatic structure or hyphal aggregation
similar to a mattress or a cushion made up of
prosenchyma and pseudoparenchyma
Stromata bear sporophores
producing spores
Phore
Stem
sporophores
spores
29. Long root like strands of closely packed parallel
or interwoven hyphae forming compact masses in
order to withstand adverse condition
1. Rhizomorph
(Gr. rhiza=root + morphe = shape)
Found in honey fungus
or honey agaric
Armillariella mellea
Grow faster than the
mycelial strands
30. 2. Sclerotium
1.Hard structures resistant
to unfavourable physical
and chemical conditions
2.Germinate on the return
of favourable conditions
thick-walled resting
structures, which contain
food reserves
Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium, Sclerotinia, Claviceps, Botrytis
a resting body formed by aggregation of
somatic hyphae into dense, rounded, flattened,
elongated or horn-shaped dark masses
31. Types of Sclerotia
Sclerotium rolfsii,
S. cepivorum and
Rhizoctonia solani
1. Myceliogenous
Germinate and directly
produce the mycelium
2.Sporogenous
bear mass of spores.
e.g. Botrytis cinerea
3. Carpogenous
Produce a spore fruit
e.g. Sclerotinia sp.
Claviceps purpurea
32. Intercalary
chlamydospores
Apical
chlamydospores
3. Chlamydospore is a thick-walled thallic conidium
that generally function as a resting spore
e.g.
Fusarium
Mucor
Conidium
Asexual spore of
fungi
They become separated
from each other by the
disintegration of
intervening hyphae
33. Inoculum – Any part of the pathogen that is capable of
establishing infection
Inoculum
Vegetative mycelium Spores
Specialized mycelial
structures
e.g. Rhizomorph,
Sclerotia and
Chlamydospores
Asexual spores
Sporangiospores
Zoospores
Conidia
Dormant
mycelium
Sexual spores
Oospores,
Zygospores,
Ascospores,
Basidiospores
36. Fill in the blanks:
1. Mass of Hyphal mass is Mycelium
2. Hypha is a unit of Fungi
3.Appressorium is aAnchoring organ of Fungi
4. Drinking organ of fungi is Haustorium
5. Thick walled conidium is Chlamydospores
6. Loosely or compactly woven fungal tissues are
called as Plectenchyma
7. Thallus is Entire body of Fungi
8. Hyaline means Colourless
9. Aseptate hypa also called as Coenocytic
10. Cell wall of True fungi made up of Chitin
