3. Supercomputer
Most powerful computers
Physically largest in size
Hundreds of thousands of processors that can process
huge amounts of data
Perform over 1 quadrillion calculations per second. e.g.
IBM ASCI White, Cray
Ideal for handling large and highly complex problems that
require extreme calculating power
Usage: quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling,
physical simulations, aerodynamics, nuclear fusion research and cryptoanalysis.
Sunway TaihuLight
Summit – 200 petaflops 3
4. Mainframe
Mainly used by large organizations for critical
applications, typically bulk data processing
◦ Banks, Airlines, Insurance Companies
Measured in millions of integer operations
per second (MIPS)
Vary in size from small, to medium, to large,
depending on their use.
Terminals are connected to these main
frames. Processing is done by Main Frames.
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5. Minicomputers
• Class of multi-user computers that lies in between
mainframe computers (multi user) and microcomputers
or personal computers (single user)
• Minicomputers are used by small businesses & firms.
• Minicomputers are also called as “Midrange
Computers”.
• Midrange computer, such as the higher-end SPARC,
POWER and Itanium-based systems from Sun
Microsystems, IBM and Hewlett-Packard.
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6. Computers for individuals -PCs
Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital
assistant (PDA), tablets & smartphones are
all types of microcomputers.
Microcomputers
– Workstation
– Desktop computers
– Notebook computers
– Tablet computers
– Handheld computers
– Smart phones
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7. Microcontroller
Embedded computers are small in size, specialized
microprocessors
Designed for small or dedicated applications
Installed in "smart" appliances from automobiles to
washing machines
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8. What is IT?
Base of the Computer is:
digital signal;
Base of Communication devices
was analog signal transferred to digital signal
The day Communication changed its base from analog to
digital; There was natural merger of the two technologies
Computer and Communication
The following industries also joined : Mass storage, Consumer
Electronics, Entertainment, Multimedia
The Name given to the family
Information Technology : IT
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9. 1. What is the difference between data and Information?
2. What is the difference between volatile and non-volatile
memory?
3. Memory is used for?
4. What does computer do in i-time and e-time?
5. How CPU synchronizes with its other components?
6. Name a device which is both input and output?
7. Give few examples of utility software.
8. Name at least two operating systems (OS).
9. What is the use of embedded systems?
10.What is Information Technology?
Practice Quiz
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10. Computer Generations
Following are the main five generations of
computers
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation (1972-2010) Microprocessors
Fifth Generation (2010 - present) – Use of Artificial
Intelligence
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11. 1943/1944 – Colossus Mark I & II
The Colossus Mark I & II are widely acknowledged as the
first programmable electric computers, and were used at
Bletchley Park to decode German codes encrypted by the
Lorenz SZ40/42.
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12. 12
1974/1975 – Personal
Computers
Scelbi Mark-8 Altair and
IBM 5100 computers are
first marketed to
individuals (as opposed
to corporations). They
are followed by the
Apple I,II, TRS-80, and
Commodore Pet
computers by 1977.
13. 1981 – IBM PC
The IBM PC is introduced
running the Microsoft Disk
Operating System (MS-DOS)
along with CP/M-86. The IBM
PC's open architecture made it
the de-facto standard platform,
and it was eventually replaced
by inexpensive clones.
CPU: Intel 8088 @ 4.77 MHz
RAM: 16 kB ~ 640 kB
Price: $5,000 - $20,000
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14. 1984 – Apple Macintosh
Apple introduces the first
successful consumer
computer with a WIMP
user interface (Windows
Icons Mouse & Pointer),
modelled after the
unsuccessful Xerox Alto
computer.
Motorola 68000 @8Mhz
128KB Ram
US$1,995 to US$2,495
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15. Programming Language Generations
Generations of programming languages are
categorized into 5 categories
First Generation of programming Language or 1GL
◦ low-level languages
◦ string of 0s and 1s (Machine Code)
Second Generation of programming Language or 2GL
◦ also low-level languages
◦ requires an Assembler (translates assembly code to
machine code)
◦ sometimes called Assembly language
e.g. ADD 12, 8
◦ An assembler converts the assembly language statements
into machine language.
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16. Programming Language Generations
Third Generation of Programming Language or 3GL
◦ Called High-Level programming languages such as C/C++,
Pascal or Java etc
◦ requires a Compiler or an Interpreter
◦ Near to English
◦ Compiled type languages i.e. C/C++, Pascal, COBOL and
Fortran etc
◦ Interpreter based languages i.e. QBasic, GW-Basic and
Visual Basic etc are 3GL.
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17. Programming Language Generations
Fourth Generation of Programming Language or 4GL
◦ designed to be closer to natural language than a 3GL
◦ consist of statements similar to statements in a human
language
◦ for accessing databases are often described as 4GLs
e.g.
SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY > $7000
Fifth Generation of Programming Language or 5GL
◦ use a visual or graphical development interface to create
source language
◦ IBM, Microsoft, Borland etc
◦ Visual Studio.NET, JBuilder, NetBeans etc.
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19. Computer Program
A computer program is a collection of
instructions that performs a specific
task when executed by a computer
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20. Computer Programming
Programming is the process of taking
an algorithm and encoding it into a
notation, a programming language, so
that it can be executed by a computer.
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21. Programming Language
A programming language is a
vocabulary and set of grammatical
rules for instructing a computer or
computing device to perform specific
tasks.
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