This pdf can help the students to browse on their learning subject.

2. Narration
Narration tells a story. It relates an incident or a series of events that leads to a
conclusion or ending. It tells the readers when, where, and what happened.
A narrative paragraph contains action verbs and transition words that indicate
time or sequence. The following are some transition words used to signal time
or sequence order:
First, second, etc.
After, next, then, eventually, soon
Meanwhile, a short time later
During, at the same time, simultaneously
Suddenly, instantly, momentarily
The next day, following, thereafter
In the end, ultimately
Narration is usually used in the humanities. In a writing class, for instance, you
can write about a particular event or situation.

3. The narrative paragraph tells a part of a story in the
first person. It shows a sequence of events connected
by transition words
like then, suddenly, finally, momentarily, and the next
day. Also, action verbs like was walking, ran,
and fell are used to indicate movement.

4. Description
• Description gives information of what a person, an
object, a place, or a situation is like. It appeals to the
reader’s senses; it makes the reader see, hear, taste,
smell, or feel the subject.
• A descriptive paragraph has concrete and specific
details, which are carefully chosen by a writer to paint
a picture in the mind of the reader. Literary analyses,
descriptive essays, business plans, lab reports, and
research papers are some examples of writing genres
that use descriptive paragraphs.

5. Definition
Definition explains a concept, term, or subject. Its
main purpose is to tell what something is. It consists
of three parts: (1) the term, concept, or subject to be
defined; (2) the general class to which it belongs,
and (3) the characteristics that differentiate it from
the other members of its class. This pattern of
development is commonly used in the sciences,
humanities, and business.

6. Tips
• You can develop your paragraphs in any pattern that
suits your writing purpose.
• Use narration to relate an incident or a series of
events. Remember to use transition words that
indicate time and sequence.
• Use description to tell what someone or something is
like. Remember to use concrete and specific details.
• Use definition to explain a concept, term, or subject.
Remember to give specific characteristics of what you
are defining.

7. Comparison
To compare persons, things, places, events, situations, or ideas is
to show how they are alike. You need to identify the points of
comparison and make a list of similar characteristics or qualities
for each point of comparison.
The following are words that signal similarities:
also
like
both
as... as
similarly
in the same way
equally important
likewise

8. Contrast
To contrast persons, things, places, events, situations,
or ideas is to show how they are different. To do so, you
need to make a list of the characteristics or qualities of
the subjects and then identify the differences between
them.
The following are some words that signal contrast:
but
however
though
on the other hand
in contrast

9. Comparison and Contrast
• Comparison and contrast paragraphs are common in
writing in many academic disciplines like the humanities,
sciences, and business. Such paragraphs can be found in
character analyses; various kinds of essays; political
science, sociology, and historical papers; lab reports;
progress reports; book and film reviews; and marketing
campaigns.
• A paragraph developed by comparison and contrast has a
unifying idea or purpose. Also, it must be balanced in such
a way that there is an equal amount of information for
each subject to avoid bias.

10. Exemplification
• Exemplification is one of the most common and
effective ways to show or explain an idea or point
(e.g., observation, opinion, belief). In this pattern of
development, the main idea is explained by giving an
extended example or a series of detailed examples.
• Many writing assignments in various disciplines
require the use of exemplification. Argumentative and
exemplification essays, feature articles, reviews,
reports, and case studies often use examples to prove
a point.

11. Classification
• Classification refers to sorting or arranging subjects (e.g.,
persons, places, things, ideas) into groups or categories
according to their common or shared characteristic. The
subjects can be grouped in many different ways depending
on your purpose. With a purpose in mind, you can
determine how to group the subjects in your list. The
group or category should have a single basis of
classification.
• Classification is commonly done in various disciplines.
Classifying historical events by year, popular TV shows by
genre, diseases based on mode of transmission, cleaning
products based on manufacturer, and animals based on
habitat are some examples of topics in different
disciplines.

12. Using Exemplification and
Classification
You can use both exemplification and classification in
developing a paragraph. You can begin by classifying
some ideas and then explain each idea by giving
examples.

13. • Exemplification shows, proves, or explains a general
idea or point by using examples.
• Classification refers to sorting or arranging subjects
into groups or categories according to their common
or shared characteristic.
• The group or category should have a single basis of
classification, and the grouping or categorization
must suit the purpose.
• You can use both exemplification and classification in
developing a paragraph.

14. Cause and Effect
A cause is simply “why something happens,” and an effect is “what happens.”
Together, they can be used as a pattern of development in writing.
With the cause-and-effect pattern, the writer can explain how an event or action
leads to another. The following words can be used to signal cause and effect:
as a result
accordingly
because of (this)
due to (this)
consequently
hence/therefore/thus
There are three different ways to use the cause-and-effect pattern in writing:
Cause to effect
Effect to cause
Consecutive cause and effect

15. • Cause to Effect
The cause, which can be an event or action, can be
stated right at the beginning of a paragraph, followed
by sentences stating the effects. This type of
organization is best for explaining a single cause with
different effects.
• Effect to Cause
The effect can be stated at the beginning of the text,
followed by sentences and paragraphs that expound
on the causes. This type of organization is best for
presenting a single effect with different causes.

16. • Consecutive Cause and Effect
In this type of organization, the causes, each with its
corresponding effect, are tackled one by one in a few
sentences or a paragraph. The writer explains each
cause and effect completely before moving on to the
next cause and effect.

17. Key Points
• A cause tells why something happens, while
an effect describes what happens.
• The writer can use the cause-and-effect pattern of
development to explain how an event or action leads to
another.
• There are three ways to use the cause-and-effect pattern in
writing: (1) cause to effect manner to discuss a single
cause with different effects; (2) effect to causemanner to
discuss a single effect with different causes; and
(3) consecutive cause and effect manner to discuss a
cause and its effect completely before moving on to the
next cause and effect.

18. Persuasion
• A persuasive paragraph intends to convince readers to do or believe in
something. Many writing genres such as critiques or reviews, reaction papers,
editorials, proposals, advertisements, and brochures make strong use of
persuasive paragraphs to state opinions and to influence others.
• Knowing how to write a persuasive paragraph allows you to express your
personal conviction or opinion about an issue or topic and make the readers
agree with or adopt your conviction or opinion. There are three common
techniques that you can use in developing a persuasive paragraph:
– Using evidence
– Giving examples
– Attacking an opposing view
• Using Evidence
• You can use strong evidence such as facts and statistics, statements of expert
authorities, and research findings to create impact and establish credibility.
Readers will more likely be convinced to side with your position or agree with
your opinion if it is backed up by verifiable evidence.

19. Giving Examples
Another technique to persuade readers is by giving
examples. Providing examples can enhance your idea
or opinion and make it concrete. These examples can
be based on observations or from your own personal
experience. When using examples, they must be
concrete, relevant, and reasonable.

20. • Attacking an Opposing View
• In this persuasive technique, you assert your opinion
by attacking or criticizing someone or an opposing
idea. Belittling someone’s idea, dismissing the
credibility of someone or an idea, and making fun of
someone’s idea are some forms of attack that can be
used to strengthen your opinion. However, this
technique can insult or alienate the readers if
excessively done.

21. Key Points
A persuasive paragraph intends to convince readers
to do or believe in something. There are three
common techniques that you can use in developing a
persuasive paragraph: using evidence, giving
examples, and attacking an opposing view.

22. Problem-solution
• A problem in general is an unsatisfactory situation that
causes troubles or difficulties. Therefore, it needs
a solution, a way to deal with the situation so that the
troubles or difficulties are removed.
• In writing across disciplines, the problem-solution
pattern of development is used to deal with topics that
pose problems and present solutions in a logical manner.
• In this lesson, the following variations of the problem-
solution pattern are discussed:
– Problem-Solution
– Problem-Cause-Solution
– Problem-Process-Solution

23. • The problem-solution pattern is a straightforward
approach. The problem is expressed in a simple
statement, and a possible solution is given.
• In a problem-cause-solution pattern, the cause of
the problem is identified and analyzed before a
possible solution is presented.
• In a problem-process-solution pattern, the process
or procedure is discussed extensively. In the
discussion, the problem is addressed; the readers are
led to the solution.

24. • A problem in general is an unsatisfactory situation that
causes troubles or difficulties. Therefore, it needs
a solution, a way to deal with the situation so that the
troubles or difficulties are removed.
• The problem-solution pattern of development is used
in writing to deal with topics that pose problems and
present solutions in a logical manner. It has three
variations:
• The problem-solution pattern is a straightforward
approach. The writer states the problem directly and gives
a possible solution.
• The problem-cause-solution pattern allows the writer
to identify and analyze the cause of the problem before
presenting a possible solution.
• The problem-process-solution pattern allows the
writer to discuss the process or procedure that leads to the
solution of the problem.

25. Tips
Choose a pattern that best suits the purpose of your
writing.
Follow academic writing conventions. Suit your
vocabulary, style, and formatting according to the
subject.