About the proper use of scientific literature. A presentation read at the 5th meeting of the REDIC Erasmus+ project.

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Proper Use of Science Literature
Maria Batmatzoglou 􏷠
Ntouigou Kourou 􏷠
Giota Tzevelekou 􏷠
􏷪
2nd Gymnasium of Xanthi
Xanthi, Greece
March 20, 2017
Alytus
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 1 / 11

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We are going to talk about…
1 Science Literature
2 Using Science Literature
3 Other Ethical Dilemmas
4 Summary
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 2 / 11

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Science Literature
What is Science?
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 3 / 11

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Science Literature
What is Science?
According to NASA’s spaceplace site: Science is curiosity in thoughtful
action about the world and how it behaves.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 3 / 11

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Science Literature
What is Science?
According to NASA’s spaceplace site: Science is curiosity in thoughtful
action about the world and how it behaves.
The same site specifies that the Scientific method usually means a
series of steps that scientists follow to discover how nature works.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 3 / 11

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Science Literature
What is Science?
According to NASA’s spaceplace site: Science is curiosity in thoughtful
action about the world and how it behaves.
The same site specifies that the Scientific method usually means a
series of steps that scientists follow to discover how nature works.
Scientists put forward ideas about how nature works. Then, they
usually test the idea in the real world. An idea that predicts how the
world works is called a hypothesis.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 3 / 11

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Science Literature
What is Science?
According to NASA’s spaceplace site: Science is curiosity in thoughtful
action about the world and how it behaves.
The same site specifies that the Scientific method usually means a
series of steps that scientists follow to discover how nature works.
Scientists put forward ideas about how nature works. Then, they
usually test the idea in the real world. An idea that predicts how the
world works is called a hypothesis.
Sometimes the observations come before the idea or theory.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 3 / 11

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Science Literature
What is Science?
According to NASA’s spaceplace site: Science is curiosity in thoughtful
action about the world and how it behaves.
The same site specifies that the Scientific method usually means a
series of steps that scientists follow to discover how nature works.
Scientists put forward ideas about how nature works. Then, they
usually test the idea in the real world. An idea that predicts how the
world works is called a hypothesis.
Sometimes the observations come before the idea or theory.
Sometimes science happens mostly inside a scientist’s head.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 3 / 11

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Science Literature
How Scientific Results are Published?
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 4 / 11

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Science Literature
How Scientific Results are Published?
Usually scientists and researchers publish their work into peer-reviewed
journals and periodicals.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 4 / 11

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Science Literature
How Scientific Results are Published?
Usually scientists and researchers publish their work into peer-reviewed
journals and periodicals.
A peer is, among others, a person who has the same abilities as other
people in a group.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 4 / 11

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Science Literature
How Scientific Results are Published?
Usually scientists and researchers publish their work into peer-reviewed
journals and periodicals.
A peer is, among others, a person who has the same abilities as other
people in a group.
Peer review is a method to validate one’s work. Peer examine his/her
work and write a review recommending the publication of the work or
rejecting the work.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 4 / 11

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Science Literature
How Scientific Results are Published?
Usually scientists and researchers publish their work into peer-reviewed
journals and periodicals.
A peer is, among others, a person who has the same abilities as other
people in a group.
Peer review is a method to validate one’s work. Peer examine his/her
work and write a review recommending the publication of the work or
rejecting the work.
Papers should properly cite other authors, that is, they should properly
attribute work done by others.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 4 / 11

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Science Literature
How Scientific Results are Published?
Usually scientists and researchers publish their work into peer-reviewed
journals and periodicals.
A peer is, among others, a person who has the same abilities as other
people in a group.
Peer review is a method to validate one’s work. Peer examine his/her
work and write a review recommending the publication of the work or
rejecting the work.
Papers should properly cite other authors, that is, they should properly
attribute work done by others.
Reviewers make sure that papers are original but also that they
properly cite work being done by others.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 4 / 11

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.
Science Literature
How Scientific Results are Published?
Usually scientists and researchers publish their work into peer-reviewed
journals and periodicals.
A peer is, among others, a person who has the same abilities as other
people in a group.
Peer review is a method to validate one’s work. Peer examine his/her
work and write a review recommending the publication of the work or
rejecting the work.
Papers should properly cite other authors, that is, they should properly
attribute work done by others.
Reviewers make sure that papers are original but also that they
properly cite work being done by others.
To cite an article, a book, etc., means to provide information so to
locate it. At the end of articles, authors provide a references section
with citations. Instead, books contain bibliographies at the end of the
book or at the end of each chapter.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 4 / 11

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Science Literature
Publication Media
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 5 / 11

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Science Literature
Publication Media
Publication media include journals, periodicals, magazines, book
series, research monographs, etc.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 5 / 11

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Science Literature
Publication Media
Publication media include journals, periodicals, magazines, book
series, research monographs, etc.
To be a reviewer for a publication medium is considered as an
achievement in the scientific community. So reviewers are not getting
paid for their work.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 5 / 11

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Science Literature
Publication Media
Publication media include journals, periodicals, magazines, book
series, research monographs, etc.
To be a reviewer for a publication medium is considered as an
achievement in the scientific community. So reviewers are not getting
paid for their work.
Publishers like Springer-Verlag, World Scientific, Elsevier, Cambridge
University Press, etc., pay all publication expenses and profit by selling
subscriptions, books, etc.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 5 / 11

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Science Literature
Publication Media
Publication media include journals, periodicals, magazines, book
series, research monographs, etc.
To be a reviewer for a publication medium is considered as an
achievement in the scientific community. So reviewers are not getting
paid for their work.
Publishers like Springer-Verlag, World Scientific, Elsevier, Cambridge
University Press, etc., pay all publication expenses and profit by selling
subscriptions, books, etc.
There are also Open Access journals where authors pay a publication
fee to have their article freely available.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 5 / 11

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Science Literature
Publication Media
Publication media include journals, periodicals, magazines, book
series, research monographs, etc.
To be a reviewer for a publication medium is considered as an
achievement in the scientific community. So reviewers are not getting
paid for their work.
Publishers like Springer-Verlag, World Scientific, Elsevier, Cambridge
University Press, etc., pay all publication expenses and profit by selling
subscriptions, books, etc.
There are also Open Access journals where authors pay a publication
fee to have their article freely available.
Some organizations and/or Universities charge no publication fee and
make sure content is freely available.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 5 / 11

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Using Science Literature
How to Properly Cite Works
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 6 / 11

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Using Science Literature
How to Properly Cite Works
Cite whatever you have used to prepare your text.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 6 / 11

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Using Science Literature
How to Properly Cite Works
Cite whatever you have used to prepare your text.
When quoting someone, state the source of the quote! In the case of
web pages give the URL and a description of the web page.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 6 / 11

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Using Science Literature
How to Properly Cite Works
Cite whatever you have used to prepare your text.
When quoting someone, state the source of the quote! In the case of
web pages give the URL and a description of the web page.
Ask permission to include in your work pictures, drawing, etc., that
have been created by others.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 6 / 11

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Using Science Literature
How to Properly Cite Works
Cite whatever you have used to prepare your text.
When quoting someone, state the source of the quote! In the case of
web pages give the URL and a description of the web page.
Ask permission to include in your work pictures, drawing, etc., that
have been created by others.
Never, ever assume anything!
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 6 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to ”plagiarize”
means:
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to ”plagiarize”
means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to ”plagiarize”
means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to ”plagiarize”
means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to ”plagiarize”
means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to ”plagiarize”
means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
All of the following are considered plagiarism:
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to ”plagiarize”
means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
All of the following are considered plagiarism:
turning in someone else’s work as your own
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to ”plagiarize”
means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
All of the following are considered plagiarism:
turning in someone else’s work as your own
copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to ”plagiarize”
means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
All of the following are considered plagiarism:
turning in someone else’s work as your own
copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to ”plagiarize”
means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
All of the following are considered plagiarism:
turning in someone else’s work as your own
copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to ”plagiarize”
means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
All of the following are considered plagiarism:
turning in someone else’s work as your own
copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without
giving credit
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
What is Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to ”plagiarize”
means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
All of the following are considered plagiarism:
turning in someone else’s work as your own
copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without
giving credit
copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the
majority of your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section
on ”fair use” rules)
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 7 / 11

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Using Science Literature
Why is Plagiarism Tempting?
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 8 / 11

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Using Science Literature
Why is Plagiarism Tempting?
One can easily access content and plagiarize other’s work.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 8 / 11

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Using Science Literature
Why is Plagiarism Tempting?
One can easily access content and plagiarize other’s work.
In different words, the widespread use of the Internet made it easy to
plagiarize.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 8 / 11

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Using Science Literature
Why is Plagiarism Tempting?
One can easily access content and plagiarize other’s work.
In different words, the widespread use of the Internet made it easy to
plagiarize.
Self-plagiarism refers to the repeated use of one’s content in different
publications. It happens because researchers and scientists (in most
countries) are evaluated on the basis of the number of their
publications.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 8 / 11

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Using Science Literature
Why is Plagiarism Tempting?
One can easily access content and plagiarize other’s work.
In different words, the widespread use of the Internet made it easy to
plagiarize.
Self-plagiarism refers to the repeated use of one’s content in different
publications. It happens because researchers and scientists (in most
countries) are evaluated on the basis of the number of their
publications.
Another reason to plagiarize is pressure to finish a PhD or some
research work.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 8 / 11

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Using Science Literature
Notable Plagiarists
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 9 / 11

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Using Science Literature
Notable Plagiarists
Annette Schavan, a German education minister, quit her job over PhD
plagiarism.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 9 / 11

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Using Science Literature
Notable Plagiarists
Annette Schavan, a German education minister, quit her job over PhD
plagiarism.
Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, a German defense minister, resigned in
PhD plagiarism row.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 9 / 11

48. .
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Using Science Literature
Notable Plagiarists
Annette Schavan, a German education minister, quit her job over PhD
plagiarism.
Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, a German defense minister, resigned in
PhD plagiarism row.
Hungary’s ex-president Pál Schmitt resigned, after being stripped of
his doctorate over plagiarism.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 9 / 11

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Using Science Literature
Notable Plagiarists
Annette Schavan, a German education minister, quit her job over PhD
plagiarism.
Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, a German defense minister, resigned in
PhD plagiarism row.
Hungary’s ex-president Pál Schmitt resigned, after being stripped of
his doctorate over plagiarism.
Time magazine and CNN suspended columnist and TV host Fareed
Zakaria after he acknowledged that he plagiarized sections of another
writer’s article about gun control.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 9 / 11

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Using Science Literature
Notable Plagiarists
Annette Schavan, a German education minister, quit her job over PhD
plagiarism.
Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, a German defense minister, resigned in
PhD plagiarism row.
Hungary’s ex-president Pál Schmitt resigned, after being stripped of
his doctorate over plagiarism.
Time magazine and CNN suspended columnist and TV host Fareed
Zakaria after he acknowledged that he plagiarized sections of another
writer’s article about gun control.
We! We copied things from various sources without citing them. Most
of us do it for school projects, unfortunately.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 9 / 11

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Other Ethical Dilemmas
Ethical Dilemmas
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 10 / 11

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Other Ethical Dilemmas
Ethical Dilemmas
Researchers from say Spain publish in say an Elsevier journal. The
researchers are paid by the Spanish state. Other Spaniards have to pay
in order to read the research of their countrymen. Does this make
sense?
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 10 / 11

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Other Ethical Dilemmas
Ethical Dilemmas
Researchers from say Spain publish in say an Elsevier journal. The
researchers are paid by the Spanish state. Other Spaniards have to pay
in order to read the research of their countrymen. Does this make
sense?
Publishers “exploit” reviewers by not paying them when they review
papers. Scientific recognition does not bring bread on our table…
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 10 / 11

54. .
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Other Ethical Dilemmas
Ethical Dilemmas
Researchers from say Spain publish in say an Elsevier journal. The
researchers are paid by the Spanish state. Other Spaniards have to pay
in order to read the research of their countrymen. Does this make
sense?
Publishers “exploit” reviewers by not paying them when they review
papers. Scientific recognition does not bring bread on our table…
Is Sci-Hub illegal? (A site that has found a way to “steal” papers and
science books from publishers and distribute them freely.)
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 10 / 11

55. .
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Other Ethical Dilemmas
Ethical Dilemmas
Researchers from say Spain publish in say an Elsevier journal. The
researchers are paid by the Spanish state. Other Spaniards have to pay
in order to read the research of their countrymen. Does this make
sense?
Publishers “exploit” reviewers by not paying them when they review
papers. Scientific recognition does not bring bread on our table…
Is Sci-Hub illegal? (A site that has found a way to “steal” papers and
science books from publishers and distribute them freely.)
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 10 / 11

56. .
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Summary
Summary
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 11 / 11

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Summary
Summary
We learned about scientific publications.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 11 / 11

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Summary
Summary
We learned about scientific publications.
We discussed what citing means and why it is important.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 11 / 11

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Summary
Summary
We learned about scientific publications.
We discussed what citing means and why it is important.
We discussed plagiarism and other ethical dilemmas.
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 11 / 11

60. .
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Summary
Summary
We learned about scientific publications.
We discussed what citing means and why it is important.
We discussed plagiarism and other ethical dilemmas.
Thank you very much for your attention!
Batmatzoglou et al. (2GymXan) Proper Use of Science Literature 20/03/2017 11 / 11