21. Cloxacillin
Use Resp. tract infection (Staphylococcus ), skin, bone and
joint infection, UTI
Usual Dose Child> 1 mon. and < 20 kg.
oral: 50-100 mg/kg/d q 6 hr.
Child 20 kg and Adult ,
oral: 250-500 mg q 6 hr.
Precaution Monitor PT in pts.
on warfarin (increased effect)
27. Cephalosporins 2nd Generation
Cefclor (Distaclor®)
• ครอบคลุมแกรมลบมากขึ้น
• ใช้ใน URI Otitis media
• Usual dose
• 500 mg q8h 5-7 day
• 40 mg/kg/day q8h 5-7 day
28. Cephalosporins 3rd Generation
Cefdinir (Omnicef®)
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin®)
Ceftazidime (Fortum®)
• Broad spectrum, further increased activity against gram-negative (less
activity against Gram-positive)
• Active against -lactamase producers, Salmonella and Shigella
• respiratory tract infections, acute otitis media, and UTI
• Ceftazidime active against P. aeruginosa
30. Precaution and Contraindication
• Precaution
oผู้ป่วยภาวะไตบกพร่อง
oเด็กเล็ก
oDrug Interaction: toxicity of Aminoglycosides increased
• Contraindication
ohistory of cephalosporin hypersensitivity
31. Adverse drug reaction
• Common: mild stomach upset, n/v, diarrhea
• More serious but infrequent reactions: black
tarry stools, chest pain, fever, difficult
urination, serious colitis (rare)
• The incidence of cross-sensitivity with
penicillin is approximately 5–10%.
o 1st gen 5-16.5%
o 2nd gen 4%
o 3rd gen 1-3%
• ใช้ในสตรีตั้งครรภ์ได้ cate. B
เคยแพ้ยาอะไรไหมครับ?
35. • most common: cramps or burning of the stomach, diarrhea,
sore mouth or tongue
• skin photosensitivity especially doxycycline
• Bone-Teeth: bind to calcium incorporated into newly formed
bone and teeth--> impair development
– Precaution-2 nd trimester of pregnancy and children < 8 y
• Rare: allergic reactions, headache and vision problems
Adverse reaction and Precaution
37. Aminoglycosides
• central nervous system (meningitis), urinary tract,
respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract (including peritonitis),
skin, bone and soft tissue (including burns)
• also effective against mycobacteria; tuberculosis
(Streptomycin)
• Can't be given by mouth and must be injected
• Generally, they are given for short time periods
Aminoglycosides
38. Adverse drug reaction
• Ototoxicity: The major irreversible toxicity; damage to the ear
and hearing
• Nephrotoxicity: important concern
oCephalosporin , Amphotericin B , Polymyxin B , Colistin ,
Vancomycin, Furosemide- increasing nephrotoxic
• Dosage must be adjusted in patients with impaired renal
function to assure therapeutically adequate
39. Macrolides
• Erythromycin, Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
• Upper or lower Respiratory tract infection
– Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, Sinusitis (Streptococcus pyogenes)
– Chronic bronchitis, Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
• Skin and soft tissue infection
• Acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Gonococcal urethritis and
cervicitis
• Alternative for the Penicillin Allergic
40. Macrolides
• active against gram-positive cocci (mainly staphylococci
and streptococci) and bacilli, lesser-extent gram-negative
cocci
– Gram positive; Streptococcus pyogenes S. pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and
enterococci
– Gram negative; Neisseria gonorrhoeae N. meningitidis Moraxella
catarrhalis Legionella pneumophila and H. influenzae
• also active against mycobacteria, mycoplasma
41. Macrolides
• Erythromycin, a highly potent agent against gram-positive
bacteria
• New macrolide antibiotics, roxitromycin, clarithromycin and
azithromycin
– developed to against gram-negative
– Broader spectrum of activity, improved bioavailability; better
tissue penetration and an extended half-life--> for once-daily
dosing and short-course therapy
42. Macrolides
Drugs Usual dose
Erythromycin 250 mg QID for 7-14 days.
roxitromycin 150 mg BID for 7-14 days.
Clarithromycin Oral: 250-500 mg BID.
or 1000 mg OD for 7-14 days.
Azithromycin 500 mg x OD on day 1, then 250 mg OD x 4 days.
43. Adverse reaction
• Erythromycin- most common; nausea, vomiting, abdominal
discomfort, diarrhea and -dose-related
• Azithromycin and clarithromycin have fewer GI side effects than
erythromycin
• ระวังการใช้ยากลุ่มนี้ร่วมกับยาอื่นๆ เพราะเกิดอันตรกริยากันได้ทา
ให้ผู้ป่วยเกิดอันตรายเช่น
• Warfarin
• Theophyline
• Digoxin
• Carbamazepine ฯลฯ
44. Fluoroquinolones
• Newest class of antibiotics; Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin,
Levofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, moxifloxacin , gemifloxacin
45. Fluoroquinolones
• Quinolones with a fluorine group are called fluoroquinolones
• Older quinolones are not well absorbed and are used to treat
mostly urinary tract infections
• The newer fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum
bacteriocidal drugs and bioavailability improved
46. Fluoroquinolones
• Used to treat most common urinary tract infections, skin infections,
and respiratory infections (such as sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis).
• Levofloxacin--> against gram positive especially
S. pneumoniae
• Moxifloxacin -->premium fluoroquinolones
– Broad spectrum – gram positive S. pneumoniae and neg.
– PK/PD
– modification of dosage in renal impairment pt.
48. Adverse reaction: Fluoroquinolones
• most common: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
• more serious but less common : CNS effects (headache, confusion and
dizziness), phototoxicity
• All drugs in this class have been associated with convulsions.
• Fluoroquinolones are classed as pregnancy category C.
• หลีกเลี่ยงการใช้ยากลุ่มนี้ร่วมกับยาลดกรด นม ธาตุเหล็ก เพราะอาจลด
การดูดซึมของยาฆ่าเชื้อได้