Overview key elements for the thermal power generation. These key elements are understood to be considered for the plant design.

1. THERMAL POWER PLANT
Anurak ATTHASIT, Ph.D.
1
a Power & Energy Collection| Bangkok December 2015
Key Elements Introduction
The presentation has made for general information and does not comprise comment or any
recommendation of any kind. Readers should consider their own circumstances and rely on their own
enquiries in relation to matters contained in this handout.

2. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Plant Design Considerations 2
Objective of Discussion
 Overview the physical process for he thermal
power generation
 Key considerations mainly relevant to the
mechanical design considerations in the design
of thermal power plant
Out of Discussion Health, Safety and
Environmental Issues | Permits, Licenses and
Regulation | Other disciplines than the
mechanical factors are not covered in this
discussion | Mitigation Measures and Solutions

3. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Thermal Power Generation 3
Thermal Power use fuel, air, and water to
generate electricity via a key thermal
processes — the steam turbine cycle for
conversion of thermal energy into mechanical
energy at the turbine and subsequently into
electrical energy at the generator. Each
process is supported by a cooling process
designed to remove heat from the system.
Thermal Power is the generation of electricity
by the combustion of fossil fuels (including gas,
coal and lignite) and/or biomass using
combinations of boilers, gas and steam
turbines and turbo-generators.
Mott MacDonald Capability in Power Sector:
> 5 GW as Lender’s and Owner’s Engineer for CCGT projects in 2013 – 2015 – conducted by our team between BKK & Singapore

4. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Thermal Power Generation 4
Mott MacDonald Capability in Power Sector:
> 5 GW as Lender’s and Owner’s Engineer for CCGT projects in 2013 – 2015 – conducted by our team between BKK & Singapore
| European Power Plant Suppliers Association, Brussels, 2015 | Patrick Clerens, “Thermal Power in 2030”
34.1% to 48.4% thermal power shares in
generation range in 2030 (compared to
51.5% in the 2010)
In 2010-2030 Between 166 and 234.3 GW of
thermal power capacity additions are
required. This means that between 39.4
and 48.3% of installed thermal power
capacity in 2030 will be built in the years
2010-2030.

5. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Coal-Fired Power Plant Schematic 5
Thermal Power use fuel, air, and water to generate electricity
via a key thermal processes — the steam turbine cycle for
conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy at the
turbine and subsequently into electrical energy at the
generator. Each process is supported by a cooling process
designed to remove heat from the system.

6. a Power & Energy Collection
Elements of Consideration
FUEL AND COMBUSTION
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7. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Fuel Gas Interchangeability 7
 Gas composition can be
characterized using the
Wobbe Index (“WI”),
which is a key parameter
for defining gases from
different concessionary
resources and supplying
to customers within
adequate limits
 Typically WI variations of
up to 5% are allowed as
within permissible limits by
the gas turbine
manufacturer
WI Mixing West&East Gas
Concessionary Resource WI
Min Max
Gulf of Thailand Gas (East Gas) 1,160 1,400
Myanmar Gas (West Gas) 952 1,100
Mixed Gas 1,016 1,215
Wobbe Index = BTU/cubic foot / √(Specific Gravity)

8. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Combustion 8
Flame and flameless firing of heavy fuel oil
www.oil-gasportal.com/flameless-combustion/
Combustion regimes in relation to the dilution and reactants’ temperature

9. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Combustion & Mixing Rate 9
| University of Massachusetts Amherst
If the mixing is fast, the intrinsic
chemical kinetics governs the rate of
production of new species. This
requires a reduction of scale and of
differences in concentration
Perfect mixing for reactions is defined
as the instant reduction to a
homogeneous concentration field
Turbulent mixing between
read and blue fluid
Thin zone where reaction occurs
In pulverized fuel flames the time for devolatilization to take
place is of the order of 0.1 s and for char burn-out the time is 1
s; for particles burning in fluidized-bed combustors the
corresponding orders are 10 and 1000 s.
Therefore the burning of the char has a major effect on the
volume of the combustion chamber required to attain a given
heat release.
Combustion Rates of Coal

10. a Power & Energy Collection
Elements of Consideration
WATER
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11. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Water Use in the Power Plant 11
 Thermal Power Plants require large quantities of
water, primarily for cooling.
 A 240MW CCGT Cogeneration Power Plants require
service water or potable water of 9,000 m3 per day.
www.allianz.com

12. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Water Cycle in Thermal Power Plants 12
 Water, the operating
medium, is pumped into the
steam generator, where it is
heated by fission or
combustion. The steam then
migrates through the pipe
system to the turbine and
drives it, producing electricity.
 In the condenser, the steam
condenses by emitting heat
energy to the cooling water.
Following this, the water is fed
back into the steam
generator and the process
begins again.
www.metrohm.com/en-ae/industries/energy_two-cycle-power-plants

13. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Water Steam Circuit 13
 Heating, the high pressure
liquid enters a boiler where it
is heated at constant
pressure by an external heat
source to become a dry
saturated vapor.
 Expansion, the dry saturated
vapor expands through a
turbine, generating power.
This decreases the
temperature and pressure of
the vapour, and some
condensation may occur.
 Condensation, the wet vapor
then enters a condenser
where it is condensed at a
constant pressure to become
a saturated liquidwww.metrohm.com/en-ae/industries/energy_two-cycle-power-plants

14. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Steam Boiler’s Hydrological Cycle 14
 The Creation of Pure Aqua, As the
boiler water is heated and
changes to steam free oxygen is
released, carbon dioxide is
released from the solids, and the
solids drop out (precipitate).
 First Contact with Acidity, as the
condensate cools, it becomes
easier for gasses, such as carbon
dioxide and oxygen to dissolve in
the water. The carbon dioxide
contributes to making the water
acidic and is the major source of
carbon dioxide found in the
boiler’s condensate return system.
 Suspended Solids, the acid
condition helps the water dissolve
limestone and it picks up other
dissolved and suspended solids.
www.metrohm.com/en-ae/industries/energy_two-cycle-power-plants

15. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Discussion 15
http://pca-invest.com/ | Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme | IEA ETSAP – Technology Brief E02
110 GW per year as per IEA Baseline scenario (IEA, 2008)
estimates a need for new CCGT power plant capacity
for the period 2005-2050.
CCGT plant with a 1700°C class
gas-turbine may attain an
electrical efficiency of 62–65%
(LHV) the CCGT efficiency
is expected to increase from
today’s 52%–60% to a maximum of
64% by 2020.
High exhaust-gas mass flows
associated with large gas turbines
impact superheater and reheater
designs as the design of the inlet
duct. Gas velocity is of concern
because of its possible effects on
tube vibration and heat absorption

16. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Impact from Plant Design Failures 16
 Asset damages
 Loss in plant efficiency
 Plant operation reliability and
Availability
 Health, Safety and Environmental
impact
www.telegraph.co.uk
A power failure at the Fukushima nuclear power plant has affected the cooling system for spent fuel ponds.

17. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
Major Power Outages 17
wikipedia.org
Event
millions of
people affected location date
July 2012 India blackout 620 India 30 July 2012-31 July 2012
January 2001 India blackout 230 India 2 January 2001
November 2014 Bangladesh blackout 150 Bangladesh 1 November 2014
2015 Pakistan blackout 140 Pakistan 26 January 2015
2005 Java–Bali blackout 100 Indonesia 18 Aug 2005
1999 Southern Brazil blackout 97 Brazil 11 March 1999
2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout 87 Brazil, Paraguay 10–11 Nov 2009
2015 Turkey blackout 70 Turkey 31 March 2015
Northeast blackout of 2003 55 United States, Canada 14–15 Aug 2003
2003 Italy blackout 55 Italy, Switzerland, Austria,
Slovenia, Croatia
28 Sep 2003
Thailand Nationwide blackout of 1978 40 Thailand 18 Mar 1978
Northeast blackout of 1965 30 United States, Canada 9 Nov 1965
Thailand in the South Pranakhorn Powerplant caused many generators across the country to shutdown - the Northern provinces of Thailand
experienced a blackout for 1 Hour, the Northwestern Provinces received 15 Minutes, the Central Provinces received 1 Hour, Bangkok and its
neighboring provinces blacked out for more than 2 hours. The southern Provinces received 30 Minutes Blackout. Within 9 hours and 20 Minutes, the
authorities is able to restore power across the country.

18. A. ATTHASIT a Power & Energy Collection
THANK YOU
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The presentation has made for general information and does not comprise comment or any
recommendation of any kind. Readers should consider their own circumstances and rely on their own
enquiries in relation to matters contained in this handout.