Thermal power plant

1. Mid-West University
Graduate school of Engineering
Central Department of Hydropower Engineering
Birendranagar, Surkhet
THERMAL POWER PLANT
By:
Nitish Yadav
Parash Shahi
Prakriti Koirala
Pramila Dangi
Pranish Karn

2. Background/History
Overview
Applications &
Examples
03
01 General Technological
Theory
02
Environmental
Impacts
04
Power Extraction
Cost
05 Future Scope in
Nepal
06

3. 01
Background/History

4. ● In the early 19th century, steam engines were
used for industrial processes and
transportation.
● In 1884, the first large-scale thermal power
station was built in London to provide
electricity to the public.
● In the early 20th century, the use of steam
turbines, rather than steam engines, to
generate electricity became increasingly
common.
● The development of the steam turbine in 1884
allowed larger and more efficient machine
concepts for central power plants.
● Until 1892, the turbine was considered a better
alternative to alternative engines.
● After about 1905, the turbines completely
replaced the alternative engines in the large
central power plants.

5. History of Thermal Power in Nepal
● The first phase with three sets of
English Units was commissioned in
1963
● The second phase with four sets of
Russian Units was commissioned in
1980 in assistance from British
Government and Government of Nepal.
● Installed Capacity: 14.41 MW
Hetauda Diesel PP
● In the first phase, 4 units of 6.5 MW
each were installed with the financial
support of the Finnish Government in
fiscal year 1990/91.
● Later, in fiscal year 1997/98, two more
units of the same capacity were
installed, which was also funded by the
Finnish government and reached a
total capacity of 39 MW
Duhabi Multifuel Centre

6. Some Important Points about history of
TPP
In January 1882 the world's first public
coal-fired power station, the Edison
Electric Light Station, was built in London,
a project of Thomas Edison organized by
Edward Johnson. A Babcock & Wilcox
boiler powered a 93 kW (125 horsepower)
steam engine that drove a 27-tonne (27-
long-ton) generator.
Edison Electric Light
Station
It is the oldest thermal power plant in
Asia run by Damodar Valley
Corporation, India's first multipurpose
river valley project. It was started in
1952 in collaboration with USA and
West Germany by the then Prime
Minister of the country Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru.
Bokaro Thermal Power
Plant
It is oldest power plant in the WORLD
located at Paras, Akola district of
Maharashtra. The power plant is one
of the [coal] based power plants of
Mahagenco.
Paras Thermal Power
Plant

7. Introduction/General
Technological Theory
02

8. Introduction
1. A thermal power plant converts the heat energy of
coal into electrical energy.
2. Coal is burnt in a boiler which converts water into
steam.
3. Expansion of steam in turbine produces
mechanical power which drives the alternator
coupled to the turbine.
4. In thermal generating stations coal, oil, natural gas
etc. are employed as primary sources of energy.
5. Thermal power plant basically works on Rankine
Cycle.

9. Working Principle of TPP
• Firstly the water is taken into the boiler from a water source. The boiler is heated
with the coal.
• The increase in temperature helps in the transformation of water into steam. The
steam generated in the boiler is sent through a steam turbine.
• The turbine has blades that rotate when high velocity steam flows across them.
This rotation of turbine blades is used to generate electricity.
• A generator is connected to the steam turbine. When the turbine turns ,
electricity is generated and given as output by the generator, which is then
supplied to the consumers through high-voltage power lines.

10. General Layout of TPP

11. Main parts of TPP
● With this coal is
transported to the place
nearby boiler.
Coal Handling
Plant
● It is a device for
grinding coal for
combustion in a
furnace.
Pulverizer
● It is enclosed vessel in
which water is heated
and circulated until
water is turned into
steam at required
pressure.
Boiler

12. Parts of TPP
● It is a component of
steam generating unit
in which steam, after it
has left the boiler drum,
is heated above its
saturation temperature.
Super Heater
● Steam after rotating
turbine comes to
condenser. It converts
steam from its gaseous
to its liquid state.
Condenser
● The condensate formed
after condensation is
initially at high
temperature. This hot
water is passed to
cooling towers and gets
cooled
Cooling Tower

13. Economizer
● Function of economizer is to recover
some of the heat from the heat
carried away in the flue gases up to
the chimney and utilize for heating
the feed water to the boiler.

14. Steam Turbine
● A steam turbine converts heat energy
of steam into mechanical energy and
drives the generator.
● It uses the principle that steam when
issuing from a small opening attains
a high velocity.

15. Generator
● An alternator is an electromechanical
device that converts mechanical
energy to alternating current electrical
energy

16. Applications & Examples
03

17. Applications
1. Electricity generation: The primary application of thermal power plants is electricity generation. They can
generate large amounts of electricity that can be distributed to power grids and used to power homes,
businesses, and industries.
2. Backup power generation: Thermal power plants can also be used as backup power generation sources in
case of power outages. They can provide a reliable source of electricity to critical facilities such as
hospitals, data centers, and emergency services.
3. Power export: Thermal power plants can also be used to export electricity to neighboring countries.
This can generate revenue for the country and help to strengthen diplomatic relations with other
countries.
4. Economic development: Thermal power plants can also support economic development by creating jobs
and promoting local industries. They can also provide affordable and reliable electricity, which can attract
businesses to invest in the region and support economic growth.
5. Co-generation: Thermal power plants can also be used for co-generation, which means that they can
produce both electricity and heat energy simultaneously. The heat energy can be used for industrial
processes or district heating and cooling, which can improve the overall efficiency of the power plant.

18. Some Examples of TPP
largest coal-fired power
plant in the world
(5500 MW)
Taichung Power Plant,
Taiwan
combined cycle gas
turbine power plant
(1470 MW)
Laita Thermal Power
Plant, Russia
largest biomass-fired
power plants in the
world(4000 MW)
Drax Power Station,
UK
combined cycle gas
turbine power plant
(1400 MW)
Samcheok Green Power
Plant, South Korea
coal-fired power plant
(1260 MW)
Sarni Thermal Power
Plant, India

19. 04
Environmental
Impacts

20. Environmental Impacts
Thermal power plants generate solid waste,
including coal ash and fly ash, which can
contain toxic metals and other contaminants
Burning fossil fuels in thermal power plants is
a major source of greenhouse gas emissions,
including carbon dioxide (CO2)
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Waste Generation
Thermal power plants can emit various air
pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx),
sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter
Air Pollution
Thermal power plants can impact biodiversity
by altering local ecosystems, reducing wildlife
habitat, and disrupting migration patterns of
wildlife.
Impact on Biodiversity

21. Environmental Impacts contd.
Thermal power plants can generate significant
levels of noise, which can impact local
communities and wildlife.
Noise
Thermal power plants consume large
quantities of water for cooling, which can put
a strain on water resources and impact local
ecosystems and water availability.
Water Usage
Construction and operation of thermal power
plants can disrupt local ecosystems, including
changes to water flow, loss of wildlife habitat,
and fragmentation of habitat.
Disruption of Local Ecosystems

22. Power Extraction Cost
05

23. Power Extraction Cost
The power extraction cost of a thermal power plant depends on various factors, such as
• the cost of fuel
• the efficiency of the plant
• maintenance and operational costs
• the cost of capital
In addition to above factors, other factors that can affect the power extraction cost of a
thermal power plant include:
• Plant size
• Transmission and distribution costs
• Operating environment
• Fuel price volatility
As a result, it is difficult to provide a precise cost estimate in terms of dollars per kilowatt-
hour ($/kWh) without considering the specific circumstances of a particular project.

24. 1. According to a 2021 report by the International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA), the LCOE of new coal-fired power plants ranges from approximately
$0.05 to $0.17 per kWh, depending on the specific circumstances of the
project.
2. According to a report by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the capital
cost of a new coal-fired power plant ranges from $2,500 to $5,500 per
kilowatt (kW), depending on the technology and the location.
*LCOE: Levelized Cost of Electricity; average cost
of generating electricity over the lifetime of the plant.

25. Future scope in Nepal
● Increasing demand for electricity: Nepal's electricity demand is growing rapidly due to the
country's economic growth, increasing population, and urbanization. Thermal power plants can
play a significant role in meeting this demand, especially during periods of peak demand.
● Dependence on imported electricity: Nepal currently imports a significant amount of electricity
from neighboring countries such as India. Developing more thermal power plants in Nepal can help
reduce this dependence on imported electricity and improve energy security.
● Export potential: Nepal has the potential to export excess electricity to neighboring countries,
such as India and Bangladesh. Developing more thermal power plants can help to increase
electricity production and support this export potential, which can generate revenue for the
country.
● Integration with renewable energy sources: Nepal has significant potential for hydropower, which
is a clean and renewable energy source. Thermal power plants can be integrated with hydropower
projects to improve their overall efficiency and reliability. This can be done through the use of
pumped-storage hydroelectricity, which can store excess energy from hydropower plants and use it
to generate electricity during periods of peak demand.

26. • Balancing energy mix: As mentioned earlier, Nepal currently relies heavily on hydropower for its
electricity generation. However, hydropower generation can be affected by changes in weather
patterns, which can lead to fluctuations in electricity supply. The development of thermal power
plants can help to balance the energy mix by providing a stable source of electricity that can
supplement hydropower generation.
• Supporting industrial growth: Nepal's industrial sector is growing rapidly, with several new
industries emerging in recent years. These industries require a reliable source of electricity to
operate efficiently. The development of thermal power plants can help to meet the growing energy
demand of these industries and support their growth.
• Regional cooperation: Nepal is part of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
(BIMSTEC). Developing thermal power projects in collaboration with these regional organizations
can help to promote regional cooperation and support the development of energy infrastructure in
the region.

27. Thanks!
🙏