This document provides a comparative account of excretory processes among invertebrates. It discusses the different excretory organs and processes seen in various invertebrate phyla, including sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, and echinoderms. The conclusion emphasizes that invertebrates have diverse excretory organs that evolved to allow osmoregulation and the removal of nitrogenous wastes through diffusion or more complex processes depending on whether the organism lives in freshwater, terrestrial, or marine environments.

2. COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF
EXCRETORY PROCESS AMONG
INVERTEBRATES
PRESENTED BYANNURANIANDANJALI JHA
FROM ZOOLOGYDEPARTMENT
OFDYALSINGhCOLLEGE

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4. INDEX
Excretory System
Function of Excretory System
Excretory Substances
NITROGENOUS WASTES AND THEIR TYPES
ORGAN FOR EXCRETION AND THIER PROCESS
CONCLUSION OF WHOLE PRESENTION
EXCRETION SYSTEM OF INVERTEBRATES

5. Metabolic wastes of the chemical reactions in the cell are
removed from the body.
This process is called EXCRETION
ExcretorySystem

6. 1. Filtration and excretion of metabolic wastes
2.The regulation of blood content.
3.The regulation of blood pH.
4.Homeostasis.
FunctionofExcretorySystem

7. The metabolic wastes of cells are;
1. WATER
2. CO2,
3. NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS
ExcretorySubstances
urea Ammonia
Uric acid

8. • Water and CO2 are formed by means of cellular respiration.
• Water is excreted by lungs, sweating and kidneys.
• CO2 is excreted only by lungs.
WATERandCO2

9. • At the end of the catobolisation of aminoacids,
AMMONIA(NH3) is formed.
• In some organisms, ammonia is removed from body directly.
• But in some organisms ammonia is converted to other
substances such as UREA and URIC ACID.
NITROGENOUSWASTES

10. • Ammonia is the most toxic nitrogenous waste material.
• It can soluble in water.
• Organisms need large amount of water for excretion of
ammonia.
• Organisms need small amount of energy for formation of NH3
• Ammonia is excretory substances of freshwater organisms.
AMMONIA(NH3)

11. • Urea is less toxic than ammonia.
• It is formed in the liver by ornithin cycle.
• Urea is excreted by the kidney.
• Urea is the excretory substances of amphibians,mammals,fish
and human.
• Organisms use more energy in formation of urea than
formation of ammonia.
• Living things need normal amount of water.
UREA[CO(NH2)2]

12. • Uric Acid is least toxic nitrogenous waste.
• It is insoluble in water.
• Uric acid is excreted by with only small amount of water.
• Uric acid is the excretory substance of terrestial organisms
such as INSECTS, REPTILES AND BIRDS.
URICACID(C5NH4O3)

13. Excretory system in invertebrates different
with the excretory system in vertebrates.
Invertebrates do not have a perfect kidney
structured as vertebrates.
In general, invertebrates have a very simple
excretory system.
EXCRETIONSYSTEMOFINVERTEBRATES

14. AspongeisamemberofthephylumPorifera.Itisasimpleanimalwith
manycells,butnomouth,muscles,heartorbrain.Theirbodiesarefullof
poresandchannelsallowingwatertocirculatethroughthem.
Porifera

15. Spongesdonothaveexcretorysystems–insteadthe
waterflowsystem{CanalSystem}whichsupports
thesefunctions.Theyfilterfoodparticlesoutofthe
waterflowingthroughthem.
CourseofwatercurrentinSyconoidtypecanalsystem
Ingressingwater-dermalostia-incurrentcanal -
Prosopyles-Radialcanals-Apopyles-Spongocoel -
Osculum Outside
Excretory Organ
ExcretionProcess

16. Ctenophoresarefree-swimming,transparent,jelly-like,soft-bodied,marineanimals
havingbiradialsymmetry,comb-likeciliaryplatesforlocomotion,thelassocellsbut
nematocytesarewanting.Theyarealsoknownasseawalnutsorcombjellies.
Ctenophora

17. Ctenophoresexcreatthroughgeneralbodysurface.
Theydonothaveexcretorysystem.
Ctenophoreshavenotrueanusforexcretionthe
centralcanalopenstowardtheoralendbytwosmall
pores,throughwhichasmallamountofegestioncan
takeplace.
Excretory Organ
ExcretionProcess

18. Cnidarian,alsocalledcoelenterate,anymemberofthephylumCnidaria
(Coelenterata),agroupmadeupofmorethan9,000livingspecies.Mostlymarine
animals,thecnidariansincludethecorals,hydras,jellyfish,Portuguesemen-of-war,
seaanemones,seapens,seawhips,andseafans.
Cnidaria

19. Hydraalsolacksspecialexcretory
organs.Thenitrogenouswaste
productslikeammoniaareremoved
throughthegeneralsurfaceofthe
bodybydiffusion.Somenitrogenous
wasteproductsarealsothrownalong
withindigestiblematterthroughthe
mouth.

20. Platyhelminthes
ThephylumnamePlatyhelminthesliterallymeans"flatworms."Membersofthis
phylumaresoft,thin-bodied,leaforribbonlikeworms,includingthefamiliarplanaria
ofpondsandstreams,aswellastheflukesandtapewormsparasiticinhumanandother
animalbodies.

21. Flatwormshaveanexcretorysystemthatconsists
oftwotubules.Thecellsinthetubulesarecalled
flamecells;theyhaveaclusterofciliathatpropel
wastematterdownthetubulesandoutofthe
body
Excretory Organ

22. Flatwormshaveanexcretorysystemwithanetworkoftubulesthroughoutthebodythat
opentotheenvironmentandnearbyflamecells,whoseciliabeattodirectwastefluids
concentratedinthetubulesoutofthebody.Thesystemisresponsibleforregulationof
dissolvedsaltsandexcretionofnitrogenouswastes.
ExcretionProcess

23. Thenematodesorroundwormsconstitute
thephylumNematoda(alsocalled
Nemathelminthes),withplant-parasitic
nematodesbeingknownaseelworms.They
areadiverseanimalphyluminhabitinga
broadrangeofenvironments.
Nematodes

24. InAscaris,theexcretorysystemconsistsof
oneortwolargerenetteglandcells
Excretory Organ

25. Nitrogenouswastesmaybelostby
diffusionthroughtheentirebodyorinto
thepseudocoelom(bodycavity),where
theyareremovedbyspecializedcells.
Regulationofwaterandsaltcontentof
thebodyisachievedbyrenetteglands,
presentunderthepharynxinmarine
nematodes.
ExcretionProcess

26. Wellknownspeciesareearthwormsand
leeches.Annelidscanbefoundinmostwet
environments.Someofthesespeciesare
parasiticormutualistic.Annelidsaremade
ofoneormorebodysegments.
Annelids
Annelidsareaphylumofinvertebrateworms.Theyarethesegmentedworms,withover
17,000knownspecies.

27. Earthworms(annelids)haveslightlymoreevolvedexcretorystructurescallednephridia.
Apairofnephridiaispresentoneachsegmentoftheearthworm.Theyaresimilarto
flamecellsinthattheyhaveatubulewithcilia.Excretionoccursthroughaporecalledthe
nephridiopore.
Excretory Organ

28. Wormshavenephridiatofilteroutthedeadcellsandotherwastesthatare
sloughedintotheblood.Wastesfromthenephridiaareeliminatedthrough
thesameopeningasthedigestivewastes.Wormurineismoredilutethan
ours,buthasammoniaaswellasurea.
ExcretionProcess

29. Arthropod
Arthropod,(phylumArthropoda),anymemberofthephylumArthropoda,thelargest
phylumintheanimalkingdom,whichincludessuchfamiliarformsaslobsters,crabs,
spiders,mites,insects,centipedes,andmillipedes.About84percentofallknownspeciesof
animalsaremembersofthisphylum.

30. Malpighiantubules(MTs)arethemain
osmoregulatoryandexcretoryorgansof
insectsandareconsideredanalogoustothe
nephridiaorkidneys,
Excretory Organ

31. Malpighiantubulesofinsectsandotherterrestrialarthropodsremovenitrogenous
wastesandothersolutesfromthehemolymph.Na+and/orK+ionsareactively
transportedintothelumenofthetubules.Waterthenentersthetubulesviaosmosis,
formingurine.Theconcentratedwasteisthenexcreted.
ExcretionProcess

32. Molluscaisthesecond-largestphylumofinvertebrateanimalsaftertheArthropoda.
Themembersareknownasmolluscsormollusks.Around85,000extantspeciesofmolluscsare
recognized.
Mollusca

33. Theexcretorysystemofmollusksismadeupoftubularorganscallednephridiathat
filterwastefrominternalbodyfluids.Wastegeneratedbycellswithintheorganismis
dumpedintothecoelom,thefluid-filledinternalbodycavity.Thenephridiaaresmall
tubesthatopenintothecoelom.
Excretory Organ

34. Fromthegastricpouch,wasteentersthe
intestineandrectumonitswaybackoutofthe
body.Landsnailsexcretetheundigestedparts
oftheirfoodfromtheanalpore,locatedinthe
mantle,attheedgeoftheshellinshelled
species.Snailexcrementmayappearasatiny
foldedrope.
ExcretionProcess

35. Echinoderms
Echinoderms(scientificnameEchinodermata)areamajorgroupofonly
marineanimals.ThenamecomesfromtheGreekwordfor"spinyskin".
Echinodermshaveradialsymmetry,manyhavingfiveormultiplesoffive
arms.Theyhaveashell,mademainlyofcalciumcarbonate,whichis
coveredbyskin.

36. Starfishhavenodistinctexcretoryorgans,wasteammoniaisremovedbydiffusion
throughthetubefeetandpapulae.
Excretory Organ

37. Excretionbydiffusionthroughthetubefeetandpapulae.Thebodyfluid
containsphagocyticcellscalledcoelomocytes,whicharealsofoundwithinthe
hemalandwatervascularsystems.
Thesecellsengulfwastematerial,
andeventuallymigratetothetips
ofthepapulae,whereaportionof
bodywallisnippedoffandejected
intothesurroundingwater.Some
wastemayalsobeexcretedbythe
pyloricglandsandvoidedwiththe
faeces.
ExcretionProcess

38. conclusion
Animalshavedevelopedextraordinarycapacitiestomaintainhomeostasisin
thefaceofsevereosmoregulatorychallengesfromtheirenvironment.
Forinstance,withrespecttosaltandwaterhomeostasis,freshwateranimals
continuouslyeliminateexcesswaterwhileconservingsolutes,whereasland-
dwellingorganismshavetoconservewaterandsolutesasmuchaspossible.
Comparativemorphologicalstudiessuggestthatanimalshavetackledthe
problemsofexcretionandosmoregulationbyevolvingaspecializedstructure:the
excretoryorgan.Animalexcretoryorgansareextremelydiverse.

39. theinvertebratesingeneralconformtotheprinciplesapplyingtoallanimals,
namely,thataquaticformsgetridofammoniabydiffusionthroughthesurface
ofthebody;terrestrialformsconvertammoniatouricacid.
Infreshwaterinvertebratestheurineiscommonly,thoughnot
invariably,moredilutethanthebodyfluids.Byproducingdiluteurine
afreshwaterinvertebrateconservesthesaltcontentofitsbodywhile
eliminatingthewaterthatentersitsbodybyosmosisthroughits
water-permeablesurface.

40. Someinvertebrates,notablyechinoderms,cnidarians,andsponges,have
noorganstowhichanexcretoryfunctioncanbeconfidentlyascribed.Since
alloftheseanimalsareaquatic,itisreasonabletosupposethatthey
excretenitrogen(asammonia)bysimplediffusion.Theirbodyfluids
(wherepresent)arecloselysimilartoseawaterincomposition,anditmay
bepresumedthatregulationoperatesonlyatthecellularlevel.
Theexcretoryorgansofotherinvertebratesareofdiverse
evolutionaryorigin.Thisisnottosay,however,thateach
invertebratephylumhasevolveditsownparticulartypeof
excretoryorgan;rather,thereappeartobefivemaintypes
ofinvertebrateexcretoryorgan:contractilevacuole,
nephridium,renalgland,coxalgland,andmalpighian
tubule.