fisiologi

1. Ruang Lingkup Ilmu
Keolahragaan
Soetanto Hartono

2. §1.1 THE DISCIPLINE OF HUMAN
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Motor
Control
Motor
Development
Motor
Learning
Kinesiology
Motor
Behavior
Exercise
Physiology ,
History of
Sport,
Philosophy
of Sport ,
Sport
Psychology,e
tc.

3. Motor learning
 Motor learning adalah disiplin akademik
yang mencari tahu dalam usaha untuk
mengerti bagaimana orang belajar
kecakapan motorik, gerakan yang punya
tujuan tertentu dan bagaimana
pembelajaran dapat difasilitasi (Magill,
2006).

4. Motor control
 Motor control “… adalah studi mengenai
faktor neurofisiologis yang mempengaruhi
gerak manusia.” (Payne & Isaacs, 2002, p.
1).

5. Motor development
 Motor development, adalah “… study
mengenai perubahan perilaku motorik
sepanjang hidup, proses dibalik perubahan
tersebut dan faktor2 yang
mempengaruhinya” (Payne & Isaacs, 2005,
p. 2).

6. Lingkup Fisiologi Olahraga
antara lain:
 Fisiologi Kardiovaskuler / kebugaran
 Metabolisme substrat (bahan bakar)
 Angkat beban
 Ergogenik
 Motor development

7. Fisiologi kardiovaskuler
Fungsi Jantung
Terminology – siklus jantung – (kejadian antara 2
detak jantung);
stroke volume (SV) – volume darah yang disemprotkan
dari bilik kiri
cardiac output (Q) - volume darah yang dipompa oleh
bilik kiri per menit.
SV = EDV – ESV (100 – 40 = 60 ml)
Q = HR x SV (80 x 60 = 4,800
ml/min)

8. Fisiologi kardiovaskuler
 Stroke volume
Meningkat sesuai dengan beban kerja,
tetapi hanya sampai 40-60% kapasitas
maksimal.
(tdk terlatih 50-60 ml ke 100-120 ml,
pd org terlatih dari 80-110 sampai 160-
200 ml).
 Cardiac output
Meningkat secar langsung sesuai dengan
intensitas latihan sampai 20-40 l/min

9. Fisiologi kardiovaskuler
 VO2 max = Q x (a-v)O2 difference
Q = HR x SV
Q dalam L/menit
(a-v)O2 diff dalam ml/dl

11. DARAH
Oxygen content
Saat rest – 20 ml O2/100 ml arterial blood
– 14 ml O2/100 ml venous blood
Arteriovenous difference – 6 ml
Saat latihan – lbh banyak oxygen diambil – v
oxygen di vena turun sampai 2-4 ml O2/100
ml darah – sampai hampir 0.

13. Anaerobic threshold
 Ditentukan dengan menandai titik dimana
VE/Vo2 menunjukkankenaikan yang tdk linier
sedangkan VE/Vco2 relatif stabil. Dapat
dipergunakan sebagai perkiraan lactate
threshold.

14. Lactate Threshold
Lactate
(mmols)
Speed (mph)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Light to
Moderate
Exercise.
LA removed
Heavy Exercise.
LA accumulates

16. Energy Continuum

17. (Used as a fuel)

18. 18
79% N
20.97% O2
0.03% CO2
79% N
~17% O2
~4% CO2
Ventilation
(Liters of air
per minute)
Oxygen Uptake

19. VO2max Values
Percentile 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+
Men
90 55.1 52.1 50.6 49.0 44.2
50 44.2 42.6 41.0 37.8 34.6
10 34.5 33.0 31.4 29.9 26.7
Women
90 49.0 45.8 42.6 37.8 34.6
50 37.8 34.6 33.0 29.9 26.7
10 28.4 26.7 25.1 21.9 20.3
Source: ACSM

20. * General Population, Female, Aged 20-29: 35-43 ml/kg/min
* General Population, Male, Aged 20-29: 44-51
* US College Track, Male: 57.4
* College Students, Male: 44.6
* Highest Recorded Female (Cross-Country Skier): 74
* Highest Recorded Male (Cross-Country Skier): 94

21. Bjørn Dæhlie 96 ml/kg/min
Steve Prefontaine 84 ml/kg/min

22. Which Components of fitness?
 Speed
 Strength
 Power
 Flexibility

23. Weight Training
Maximum strength is
Developed by;
• Lifting heavy
weights (95%
1RM)
• 3-5 Reps
• 3-5 Sets
• 3-5 minutes
recovery

24. HORMON
 Adrenal medulla: adrenalin
cortex : glucocorticoid
 Pancreas; insulin, glucagon
 Thyroid dan Parathyroid
 Pituitary (hipofise)

25. Major endocrine glands

26. The pituitary gland is composed to two parts:
1) Neurohypophysis: connected to hypothalamus by axons.
2) Adenohypophysis: a portal system of fenestrated capillaries supplies it
with hypothalamic releasing hormones.
The neurohypophysis
consists of a set of nerve
endings that release their
hormones directly into the
blood. These hormones
are synthesized in the
hypothalamus and travel
via axonal TX.
Fenestration make these 1st
capillaries very permeable to
the releasing hormones!!!
Fenestrations also make this second set permeable too!

27. Sex Steroid Synthesis in gonads of males and females is very similar,
difference is that in females testosterone is further metabolized to make
estradiol. Smaller amounts of synthesis also occurs in the zona reticularis
of the adrenal cortex.

28. Penggunaan bahan bakar saat
olahraga

29. Integration of Metabolism:
Review of Roles of Systems in Muscle Contraction
 Integration of Metabolism:
Review of Roles of Systems in Muscle
Contraction

30. Mitochondria
(Krebs cycle &
Electron Transport
Chain)
Acetyl-CoA
1.
2.
1.
2.
Oxygen
Lactic Acid Production
What happens to pyruvate?
If adequate oxygen…
pyruvate to acetyl
CoA
hydrogen to H2O
If inadequate oxygen…
pyruvate and
hydrogen to lactic
acid
What happens to lactic acid
levels as the exercise
intensity increases?

31. Lactate Threshold
The Lactate
Threshold typically
occurs between 50-
85% of Vo2max
What is significant
about the intensity
level at the lactate
threshold?
VO2m
ax
3 4 5
6
7
8
9 10
Running Speed
3 4 5
6
7
8

32. ERGOGENIC AIDS
AND SPORT

33. Ergogenic Aids
Macam:
 Psychological
 Mechanical
 Pharmacological
 Physiological
 Nutritional

34. Pharmacological Agents
w Amphetamines
w Beta blockers
w Caffeine
w Diuretics
w Recreational drugs (e.g., alcohol, cocaine,
marijuana, nicotine)
w Na-bicarbonate
w Carnitin
w Anabolic Steroid
w Hypnosis

35. Caffeine Effects
Competitive cyclists
pedaled to exhaustion
at 80% VO2max after
drinking a
decaffeinated drink or a
caffeinated drink – note
that the lines for FFA
are incorrectly
reversed. The caffeine
group exercised 20%
longer than the
decaffeinated group.
McArdle, Katch, and Katch,
Exercise Physiology, 2001

36. VO2MAX AND FATIGUE AFTER BLOOD
DOPING
.

37. Effects of Bicarbonate Loading before
and between Exercise Bouts
The 5th bout was to exhaustion; the bicarbonate-loaded group went 42%
longer than the control group.