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1. Bacteriophage observations and
evolution
GROUP 1
NUNEZ, DREW MARCUS
DELGADO, ANTHONY GABRIELLE
RAFADA, THOMAS ORVILLE
GALLEGO, CARL VINCENT
SANTOS, JOMAR DAISY
LONTABO, EMELYN
STEM 12-1
OCTOBER 5, 2020

2. INTRODUCTION
Concepts found within the study:
- VARIATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES
- NUMBER OF EXISTING SPECIES OF PHAGES
- BEHAVIOR OF BACTERIOPHAGES
- EVOLUTION OF BACTERIOPHAGES

3. Backround of the study:
ACCORDING TO AN ARTICLE BY LAURA KASMAN, BACTERIOPHAGES, ALSO KNOWN
AS PHAGES, ARE VIRUSES THAT INFECT AND REPLICATE ONLY IN BACTERIAL
CELLS. THEY ARE UBIQUITOUS IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND ARE RECOGNIZED AS
THE MOST ABUNDANT BIOLOGICAL AGENT ON EARTH. THEY ARE EXTREMELY
DIVERSE IN SIZE, MORPHOLOGY, AND GENOMIC ORGANIZATION,
BACTERIOPHAGES WERE FIRST DISCOVERED TWICE ACCIDENTALLY BY BRITHISH
PATHOLOGIST, FREDERICK WILLIAM TWORT IN THE 2OTH CENTURY. THE TERM
"BACTERIOPHAGES" OR PHAGES WAS FIRST USED BY FÉLIX HUBERT D’HÉRELLE,
A FRENCH-CANADIAN THAT WORKS AT THE PASTEUR INSTITUTE OF PARIS, HE
CONCIEVED THE TERM BACTERIOPHAGES AFTER DECADES OF TRYING TO
PROPAGATE VERTEBRATE VIRUSES ON INERT MEDIA THAT HE WAS WORKING ON
FOR THE ENTIRETY OF HIS LIFE,

4. METHODOLOGY
BACTERIOPHAGES WERE
OBSERVED UNDER A
MICRSCOPE
AMOUNT OF DISTRIBUTION
OF MICROVIRUSES IN
DIFFERENT HOSTS IS
DETERMINED
BEHAVIORS OF PHAGES WERE
OBSERVED AND EXAMINED TO
DETERMINE INFECTIVITY
EVOLUTIONARY ROOTS OF
THE PHAGES WERE
DISCOVERED
BACTERIOPHAGES WERE
CLASSIFIED AND GROUPED
BY CHARACTERISTICS
DIFFERENCES IN TYPES,
FAMILIES AND GENERA WERE
SEEN AND DISOVERED
FIGURE 1: A SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM IN THE FORM OF A FLOW CHART
SHOWING THE PROCESS THAT TOOK PLACE IN STUDY PROVIDED

5. KEY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
WHAT ARE THE KEY RESULTS OF THAT STUDY?
- RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PHAGES AND MICROVIRUSES REMAIN UNEXPLAINED
BECAUSE OF THE UNCLEAR EXPLAINATION OF DISTRIBUTION PHENOMENA, WEAK
DATA AND INCOMPLETE INFORMATION
- SOME VIRUSES ARE POSSIBLY RELATED WITH EACH OTHER THROUGH
APPEARANCE, BEHAVIOR AND ANCESTRY
- SOME VIRUSES ARE SEEN TO RESEMBLE EACH OTHER (SUCH AS AFRICAN SWINE
FEVER AND CHLORELLA)

6. HOW DO THE RESULTS ANSWER THE RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES?
WE MUST FIRST DETERMINE THE OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH THAT WAS
CONDUCTED, AND BASED ON THE TEXT PROVIDED, IT HAS BEEN DETERMINED
THAT THE RESEARCHER(S) AIMS T0 DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF
DISTRIBUTION/INFECTIVITY OF MICROVIRUSES THROUGH EXAMINING AND
OBSERVING BACTERIOPHAGES, AND AFTER STUDYING THE TEXT, IT HAS BEEN
CLEAR THAT THE OBJECTIVE WAS NOT MET, ALTHOUGH IT MAY NOT BE MET, THE
RESEARCHER(S) STILL SUCCEEDED IN BRINGING JUSTICE TO THE TITLE OF THE
STUDY, WHICH IS TO OBSERVE PHAGES.

7. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE
RESULTS?
AS THE ARTICLE HAS STATED, IT WAS DETERMINED THAT THE GOAL OF UNDERSTANDING THE
RELATIONSHIP OF MICROVIRUSES AND PHAGES WAS NOT MET BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF INFORMATION
AND PROOF TO VALIDATE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE TWO, IT WAS ALSO STATED THAT FURTHER
WORK WITH THE STUDY IS INSISTED AS TIME PASSES BY FOR MORE DISCOVERIES. THE CONNECTION
BETWEEN THE TWO REMAINS UNCLEAR.

8. WHAT IS THE RELEVANCE OR THE IMPORTANCE
OF THE RESULT IN ADVANCING THE
KNOWLEDGE OF THAT DISCIPLINE?
THE RESULT OF THIS STUDY HAS HELPED THE FURTHER ADVANCEMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE OF
MICROBIOLOGY BECAUSE IT HAS PROVIDED AN INSIGHT INTO THE BEHAVIORS, CHARACTERISTICS AND
ANCESTRY OF BACTERIOPHOBES WHICH COULD HELP A LOT OF FUTURE EXPERTS IN THE PROFESSION IN
WHATEVER WAY POSSIBLE, THE RESULT OF THIS STUDY ALSO ACTS AS AN URGE TO ALL FUTURE
MICROBIOLOGISTS TO DIG MORE DEEPER WITH THE STUDY OF VIRAL INFECTIVITY TO HOSTS AND
HOPEFULLY DISCOVER THE CONNECTION BETWEEN BACTERIOPHOBES AND MICROVIRUSES

9. HOW DOES THE RESULT RELATE TO THE TITLE OF
THE STUDY?
AS TO WHAT WE HAVE SEEN, THE TITLE IS ABOUT THE OBSERVATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF
BACTERIOPHAGES, AND IT IS A JOY THAT THE RESULTS DID NOT DISSAPOINT, THE TITLE AND THE
RESULTS CONNECTED GREATLY BECAUSE OF THE NUMEROUS DISCOVERIES THAT WAS FOUND ABOUT
BACTERIOPHAGES, IT HAS BEEN ALSO CLEAR THAT OBSERVATION DID HAPPEN AND THE STUDY OF
PHAGE EVOLUTION, THAT CRACKED UP A LOT OF THINGS INCLUDING THE RELATION WITH NUMEROUS
OF PHAGES THAT ARE SIMILAR IN BEHAVIOR AND APPEARANCE THROUGH SAME ANCESTRY OR ORGIN.

10. END OF PRESENTATION