- Researchers analyzing wastewater say that routine monitoring at sewage treatment works could provide an early warning system for detecting disease outbreaks like flu or norovirus. Analyzing wastewater on a large scale for chemical and biological markers could provide comprehensive data on public health. Spikes in certain markers like paracetamol use could indicate outbreaks are occurring. The study analyzed wastewater from 10 UK cities and was able to detect localized outbreaks of diseases. Routine monitoring of wastewater could potentially provide low-cost, anonymous surveillance of public health.

1. K I N G D O M S
Virus and Monera
Protists and Fungi

2. Learning Goal:
• To learn new researches, breakthroughs,
and news about the four kingdoms
presented earlier.

3. VIRAL

4. ON us
VIRUS

5. V I R U S

6. V I R U S
• According to Oxford Dictionary: “an
infective agent that typically
consists of a nucleic acid
molecule in a protein coat, is too
small to be seen by light
microscopy, and is able to multiply
only within the living cells of a

7. V I R U S
• these are microscopic particles
that exist almost everywhere on
Earth. They are present in animals,
plants, and other living organisms,
and they can sometimes cause
diseases.

8. V I R U S
• Do we consider them
living or non-living
organism?

9. What is New about Viruses?
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=sof_P1dAxNo&ab_chann
el=UNTVNewsandRescue
What to know about Langya
virus - YouTube

10. Next epidemic could be
spotted early in wastewater
Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern, Natalie Sims, Kata Farkas,
Kishore Jagadeesan, Kathryn Proctor, Matthew J. Wade,
Davey L. Jones. Wastewater-based epidemiology for
comprehensive community health diagnostics in a national
surveillance study: Mining biochemical markers in
wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023; 450:
130989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130989

11. SUMMARY:
• Researchers behind the
UK's first pilot public health
surveillance system based
on analysis of wastewater
say that routine monitoring
at sewage treatment works
could provide a powerful

12. FULL STORY
• Researchers analyzing
wastewater say that routine
monitoring at sewage
treatment works could
provide a powerful early
warning system for the next
flu or norovirus epidemic,
alerting hospitals to prepare

13. FULL STORY
• In the first large scale and
comprehensive wastewater-based
epidemiology (WBE) study in the UK,
scientists at the University of Bath,
Bangor University and the UK Heath
Security Agency analysed wastewater
from 10 cities for both chemical and
biological markers of health, including
pesticides, pharmaceuticals and
disease-causing viruses.
• They collected samples from each
location at hourly intervals over 24
hours on nine days in November 2021.

14. Detecting trace chemicals
• Using highly sensitive chemical
analysis that could distinguish between
very similar markers, the researchers
were able to tell whether
pharmaceuticals had passed through
the human body or had been directly
disposed into the wastewater system.
• They could also identify whether
chemicals such as pesticides had been
ingested through food or had washed
into the wastewater system from
agricultural land.
• The team observed that differences in
levels of chemical markers were mostly

15. Identifying disease outbreaks
• The researchers detected localised
outbreaks of norovirus, Covid-19 and
flu, but could also correlate them
with spikes in usage of over-the-
counter painkillers such as
paracetamol.
• The results indicate that analysing
wastewater on a large scale in this
way, dubbed wastewater-based

16. Identifying disease outbreaks
• Professor Barbara Kasprzyk-
Hordern, from the Water Innovation
Research Centre and Institute for
Sustainability at the University of
Bath, led the chemistry work on the
project. She said: "Most people reach
for the paracetamol when they first
get sick, and try to treat their
illnesses at home. "So looking for
large spikes in paracetamol use
could give an early indication that

17. Identifying disease outbreaks
• "Our study has shown that only 10
daily samples from 10 wastewater
treatment plants are needed to
provide anonymous and unbiased
information on the health of 7 million
people -- this is much cheaper and
faster than any clinical screening
process."This could, therefore,
potentially be a very powerful tool for
giving a holistic understanding of
public health of different

18. Websites to visit when teaching Virus:
Viruses & Diseases Lessons, Worksheets
and Activities (teacherplanet.com)
Virus Spreading Simulation
(mtrajk.github.io)
Virus Explorer (biointeractive.org)
Virus Simulator Game - Play online at
Y8.com

20. M O N E R A
It comprises prokaryotes that
are single-celled organism that
have no nucleus
The oldest microorganisms in
Earth

21. What is New about Moneran?
NEW BACTERIA DISCOVERED IN
HUMAN BLOOD
 Two new species of bacteria have been found in the
blood of patients in China.
 The bacteria were found in the blood of two human
patients during blood tests as part of routine medical
care. The new bacteria, both of which are in the
Enterobacter genus, were found to be resistant to
multiple antibiotics.
 Enterobacter are not usually harmful and exist as part
of the healthy gut microflora. However, when these
bacteria enter the bloodstream, respiratory system or
the urinary tract they can cause disease.

22. What is New about Moneran?
NEW BACTERIA DISCOVERED IN HUMAN
BLOOD
 Enterobacter infection in the blood can lead to diseases
including meningitis and bacteraemia, and Enterobacter in the
lungs can lead to pneumonia. Bacteraemia is the presence of
bacteria in the bloodstream and can lead to serious conditions
including sepsis and septic shock.
 The researchers named the newly discovered species
Enterobacter huaxiensis and Enterobacter chuandaensis. The
bacteria were named after the region in which they were
discovered and Sichuan University, where the authors are
based.
 The discovery of E. huaxiensis and E. chuandaensis was
reported in the International Journal of Systematic and
Evolutionary Microbiology, along with a description of the new
species and their antimicrobial resistance profiles.

23. What is New about Moneran?
NEW BACTERIA DISCOVERED IN
HUMAN BLOOD
 The resistance of these newly discovered bacteria to
antibiotics is a concern, as this would make the
treatment of life-threatening infections more difficult.
Both new species are resistant to penicillin and
cephalosporin group antibiotics. These antibiotic
groups are commonly used to treat bacterial
infections.
 Bacterial infections such as bacteraemia are usually
with frontline antibiotics and a delay in treatment
could cause progression to sepsis. Sepsis has a
high mortality rate and so it is vital this condition is
treated quickly.

24. What is New about Moneran?
Advances in bacterial
identification and
characterization: methods
and applications
Dariush Gholami1, 2*, Zeinab Emruzi3, Ali Reza Noori4,
Saeed Aminzadeh5*

25. Abstract
Characterization and identification of bacteria and
microorganisms are crucial in several fields such as medical,
agricultural, and industrial microbiology. Conventional
phenotype-based identification methods use low-precision
scoring systems and therefore are affected by species
phenotypic variations. These methods have low levels of
reproducibility, which results in a decrease in the accuracy
coefficient. Furthermore, conventional phenotype-based
identification techniques include several methods, such as
observation of growth and colony morphology, biochemical
characterization, and conventional available biochemical
methods, that are less accurate.

26. Abstract
Molecular-based methods have better strategies to identify
and characterize
microorganisms and bacteria. The development of molecular-
based techniques has improved our
ability to identify bacterial species in culture-dependent and
culture-independent samples. Most
of these techniques are only capable of identifying single
bacterial strains or small groups of
organisms at a time. However, some methods can be used to
identify and characterize the
bacterial communities in a range of hundreds to thousands of
single strains.

27. Abstract
We also know that each of these methods has weaknesses
and shortcomings that limit their application and usability.
However, some of these methods have the strengths and
potentials to improve conventional methods and to
compensate for their shortcomings. In the present review, we
highlighted recent progress in the field of bacterial
characterization and identification using molecular-based
techniques and discussed their abilities and limitations.

28. Websites to visit when teaching
monera:
Monera - Characteristics And
Classification Of Monera (byjus.com)

29. Protist

30. • Protists are eukaryotes
as they possess a
nucleus and other
membrane-bound
organelles (structures
that perform a specific
job).
Protist

31. • What are protists? – YouTube
• Protists | Why Do You Study That? -
YouTube

32. What is New about Protists?
Recent Advances in
Application of
Transcriptomics: Research
on
Heterotrophic and
Autotrophic Protists
- O. Roger ANDERSON

33. Abstract
The application of molecular phylogenetics to
research on protists has substantially transformed
our understanding of their evolution and
systematics. More recently, advances in molecular
technology, including high throughput sequencing,
has opened new avenues for genomic analyses
that elucidate major aspects of protistan biology
across all levels of biological organization from
cellular to ecosystems.

34. Abstract
This is a review of recent advances
(particularly in the last two decades) of
transcriptomic research on heterotrophic
and autotrophic protists
within three major topics: (i) Physiology and
metabolism, (ii) Development and life
cycles, and (iii) Environmental and
ecological studies.

35. Abstract
Emphasis is placed on selection of representative
research that highlights findings across diverse
taxonomic groups within each of the three topics.
Examples are drawn from parasitic as well as free-
living taxa to provide a broad overview of some of
the research strategies, and major findings, that
have emerged from application of transcriptomics
and related techniques in advancing our
understanding of protistan
Biology.
.

36. Conclusion
 The conceptual framework for this review of the
current status of transcriptomic research with
heterotrophic and autotrophic protists contained
three main themes: i) Physiology and
metabolism, ii) Development and life cycles, and
iii) Environmental and ecological studies.

37. Conclusion
 The aim was to characterize the current status
of the field encompassing research across cell
biological to environmental and ecological levels
of biological organization. The search of the
literature particularly focused on publications in
the last two decades to largely address the most
recent advances.

38. Conclusion
 As a result, some of the earlier pioneering work
was not included in this review. However, much
of the research cited in this review contains
literature citations that link back into earlier
historical contributions to the field.

39. Conclusion
 The objective of this review of the literature was
to be representative, as much as possible, of
research published within the above three
themes.
 Nonetheless, it became increasingly clear that a
relatively larger amount of research has been
done with autotrophic protists compared to
heterotrophic protists.

40. Conclusion
 Relatively fewer studies on physiology and
metabolism of heterotrophic protists were discovered
; and as may be expected a good number of these
were related to biomedically important taxa such as
pathogenic amoebae, ciliates and flagellates.
 Of greater concern, is the relatively less published
transcriptomic research on environmental and
ecological studies of heterotrophic protists.

41. What is New about Protists?
Recent advances in the
molecular biology of the
protist parasite
Trichomonas vaginalis-
David Leitsch

42. Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic/microaerophilic protist
parasite which causes trichomoniasis, one of the most
prevalent sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. T.
vaginalis not only is important as a human pathogen but also
is of great biological interest because of its peculiar cell
biology and metabolism, in earlier times fostering the
erroneous notion that this microorganism is at the root of
eukaryotic evolution. This review summarizes the major
advances in the last five years in the T. vaginalis field with
regard to genetics, molecular biology, ecology, and
pathogenicity of the parasite.

43. Introduction
• The protist parasite Trichomonas
vaginalis is the causative agent of
trichomoniasis, one of the most
prevalent sexually transmitted diseases
worldwide. In the most recent estimate
by the World Health Organization, 110
million infections worldwide were
ascribed to T. vaginalis in 2016; that is
somewhat less than ascribed to
chlamydia but much more than to
gonorrhea and syphilis.

44. Introduction
• Symptoms of trichomoniasis are
usually more severe in women than in
men and affect the vagina, the cervix,
or the urethra or a combination of
these. Vaginal pruritus and odorous
vaginal discharge are the most
common sequelae, but severe
inflammation of the cervix can also
occur. In men, T. vaginalis can cause
urethritis and prostatitis.

45. Introduction
• Trichomoniasis can persist for years
and sour the life of those infected, but it
also increases the risk for adverse
pregnancy outcomes and the risk of
acquiring HIV2. It is now firmly
established that underlying
trichomoniasis increases the risk to
acquire HIV by 1.5- to 2-fold3.

46. Conclusion
 it became quickly apparent that the number of high-
quality research articles in the T. vaginalis field has
increased in the last five years as compared with the
preceding quinquennial period, development which
is also reflected in a larger number of references
cited in this review.

47. Conclusion
 This is highly encouraging and indicates that T.
vaginalis now receives more attention than before.
 There were substantial advances in our
understanding of how T. vaginalis interacts with its
host and, equally important, with the microbiome of
which it is a part.

48. Websites to visit when teaching
protist:
Protists and Fungi Lesson Plans &
Worksheets Reviewed by Teachers
(lessonplanet.com)
https://www.freeclubweb.com/powerp
oints/science/fungi.html
Pond Life Video Gallery | Nikon’s
MicroscopyU
Interactive Protists (venturaes.com)

49. FUNGI
Gi

50. • Fungi are eukaryotic organisms; i.e.,
their cells contain membrane-bound
organelles and clearly defined nuclei.
Historically, fungi were included in the
plant kingdom; however, because fungi
lack chlorophyll and are distinguished
by unique structural and physiological
features (i.e., components of the cell
wall and cell membrane), they have
been separated from plants.
Fungi

51. What is New about Fungi?
• CDC warns of 'alarming' recent rise of
deadly fungus – YouTube
Gravitas: Deadly fungus spreading in
the US – YouTube

52. Candida Auris
Candida auris (C. auris) is a fungus
that can infect and sicken humans. It
was discovered in Japan in 2009, but
the first infection is thought to have
occurred in South Korea in 1996. Since
its discovery, unrelated strains of the
fungus have been found in countries
around the world, including the United
States.

53. Candida Auris
This is a type of yeast fungus that
can enter the bloodstream and
spread throughout the body.
Treatment is frequently complicated
because the majority of people who
become seriously ill with C. Auris is
already suffering from an acute or
chronic condition.

54. Candida Auris
Who are at more risk?
Those who have underlying medical
conditions.

55. Websites to visit when teaching fungi:
https://www.freeclubweb.com/powerp
oints/science/fungi.html
Fungi - Free Educational Science Games
& Activities for Kids (wartgames.com)
Fungi: Identify fungi, mushrooms,
toadstools; fungus identification (first-
nature.com)