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5. adaptive immune system
- 1. ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY: IMMUNO & HEME
- 2. ANTIBODIES
- 3. ANTIBODIES OVERVIEW ā£ Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by differentiatedĀ B-cellsĀ called plasma cells ā£ They are present in bodily fluids, secretions and on the surface of B- cells ā£ Antibodies recognize and bind to uniqueĀ epitopes, which are molecular structures on the surface of their cognate antigens ā£ Learning Goal ā£ To consider antibody structure, function, classes and clinical relevance
- 4. ANTIBODIES STRUCTURE: HEAVY AND LIGHT CHAINS ā£ Antibody molecules consist of two identicalĀ heavy chainsĀ and two identicalĀ light chains, which consequently give the antibody twoĀ antigen-binding sites ā£ Disulphide bonds bind the heavy chains to each other and to the light chains ā£ The heavy and light chains consist of several amino-acid sequences; each corresponding to a protein domain ā£ Proteins domains are the functional units of the antibody and correspond to a discrete, folded region of protein structure and so are relevant in antibody engineering
- 5. ANTIBODIES STRUCTURE: HEAVY AND LIGHT CHAINS ā£ Each light chain has two domains (one variable and one constant), and each heavy chain has four (one variable and three constant) ā£ There are five heavy chain types: ā£ Ī¼ (Mu), Ī³ (Gamma), Ī± (Alpha), ĪµĀ (Epsilon) and Ī“ (Delta) ā£ Which classify IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE and IgD respectively ā£ There are two light chain types: ā£ Īŗ (kappa) and Ī» (lambda) ā£ Each antibody can have either twoĀ ĪŗĀ or twoĀ Ī»Ā chains but not one of each ā£ The ratio of Īŗ and Ī» is 2:1 ā£ There are no functional differences between the types
- 6. ANTIBODIES STRUCTURE: FC AND FAB REGIONS ā£ Each antibody contains twoĀ variable regionsĀ and oneĀ constant region ā£ TheĀ Fab regionsĀ (fragment antigen binding) contain theĀ variableĀ domainsĀ of the light and heavy chains ā£ The variable domains make up theĀ variable regionsĀ of the antibody which give the antibody its antigen specificity ā£ Therefore, these regionsĀ differĀ between antibodies ā£ Each Fab region also contains twoĀ constant domains; one from the heavy chain component and one from the light chain component
- 7. ANTIBODIES STRUCTURE: FC AND FAB REGIONS ā£ TheĀ Fc regionĀ (fragment crystallizable) consists of the remaining constant domains from the twoĀ heavy chains ā£ The Fc region interacts with different immune cells and mediates various functions ā£ Eg. opsonization ā£ TheĀ constant regionĀ involves the constant domains from both the Fab and Fc parts ā£ TheĀ heavy chainĀ constant domains determine antibody class and are theĀ sameĀ for all antibodies of the same class ā£ IgA and IgG antibodies also have hinge regions, which are flexible amino-acid chains in the central part of the heavy chains
- 9. ANTIBODIES CLASSIFICATION ā£ Antibodies are classified according toĀ heavy chainĀ type, which is encoded by a gene on chromosome 14 ā£ The different classes are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE ā£ (inĀ descendingĀ order of abundance in serum) ā£ IgG ā£ IgG is theĀ most abundantĀ antibody class ā£ It is present on the surface of mature B-cells and in serum ā£ There are four subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 (in order of serum concentration) ā£ IgG is theĀ only antibody to cross the placentaĀ and so it transfers passive immunity from mother to fetus ā£ Newborns have high IgG concentrations in the first 3-6 months of life
- 10. ANTIBODIES CLASSIFICATION ā£ IgA ā£ IgA is the most prevalent antibody inĀ secretions, such as saliva and mucous ā£ There are two subclasses, IgA1 and IgA2 ā£ IgA forms a dimer, where a joining chain connects 2 Y-shaped molecules, giving it four antigen-binding sites in total ā£ IgA antibodies are resistant to enzymatic digestion and act principally asĀ neutralizing antibodies ā£ Breast milk and colostrum have high levels of IgA which coat the digestive tract and protect against infections in breast-fed babies
- 11. ANTIBODIES CLASSIFICATION ā£ IgA contā¦ ā£ In adults, IgA forms a barrier layer atĀ mucosal surfaces to prevent pathogenic invasion ā£ Plasma cells in the lamina propria produce excessive amounts of polymeric IgA which then moves by endocytosis through the epithelial layer to be secreted at the luminal side ā£ IgA neutralizes pathogens and hinders their attachment to epithelial receptors by binding to their ligands on pathogens or toxins ā£ IgA molecules can also cross-link polyvalent antigens or pathogens, forming antigen-antibody complexes which are then trapped in the mucus layer and cleared through peristalsis
- 12. ANTIBODIES CLASSIFICATION ā£ IgM ā£ IgM antibodies are expressed on the surface of B-cells as monomers but secreted as pentameters ā£ A pentameter hasĀ five antibodiesĀ connected by a joining chain, withĀ ten antigen-bindingĀ sites in total ā£ It is the first immunoglobulin produced during fetal development and the first to be produced by B-cells against a new infection ā£ IgM has high avidity, meaning the antibody-antigen complex is strong, but low affinity, so the strength of a single epitope-antibody interaction is weak
- 14. ANTIBODIES CLASSIFICATION ā£ IgD ā£ IgD is present on the surface of B-cells ā£ It has a role in B-cell and antibody production ā£ All naive B cells express IgD and IgM ā£ IgE ā£ IgE is mainly found on mast cells but is also present at low levels in the blood and extracellular fluid ā£ It is associated with allergy, particularly type IĀ hypersensitivity reactions, including atopic disease (e.g. asthma and dermatitis) and anaphylaxis ā£ It triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils ā£ IgE is also part of the bodyās response to parasitic infections
- 15. ANTIBODIES FUNCTION ā£ TheĀ Fc regionĀ binds different immune cell receptors (e.g. onĀ phagocytes) and mediates various effector functions ā£ Opsonization ā£ Antibodies (mainly IgG1 and IgG3) can act as opsonins by binding to the pathogen, which allows better recognitionĀ by phagocytes ā£ Phagocytes then bind to the antibodies via their Fc receptors and initiateĀ phagocytosis
- 17. ANTIBODIES FUNCTION ā£ Neutralisation ā£ Antibodies can preventĀ pathogensĀ from accessing cells by blocking different parts of the bacterial or viral cell surface ā£ Consequently, this neutralizes certain viruses and bacterial toxins ā£ Neutralizing antibodies must have high affinity to be effective ā£ IgG and IgA antibodies have the greatest effect
- 19. ANTIBODIES FUNCTION ā£ Complement Activation ā£ The classicalĀ complementĀ pathway can be activated by IgM or IgG antibodies when they bind microbial surfaces ā£ This releases C3b, which acts as an opsonin, and other complement components which make up the membrane attackĀ complex ā£ MAC punches holes in the pathogen plasma membrane which leads to cell lysis and death
- 20. ANTIBODIES FUNCTION ā£ Immune Complexes ā£ The binding of multiple antigens and antibodies together can form immune complexes ā£ Complex formation limits the antigensā diffusing ability, making it easier for phagocytes to find and ingest pathogens through phagocytosis
- 21. ANTIBODIES FUNCTION ā£ Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity ā£ Antibodies bind and opsonize target cells ā£ Natural killer cellsĀ then recognize the Fc portion of the antibody and release cytotoxic granules (perforin and granzymes) into the target cell which trigger apoptosis ā£ They also release interferons, which attracts phagocytes
- 25. ANTIBODIES REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ What is the most abundant class of antibody? ā£ IgG ā£ IgM ā£ IgA ā£ IgD
- 26. ANTIBODIES REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ What is the most abundant class of antibody? ā£ IgG ā£ IgM ā£ IgA ā£ IgD
- 27. ANTIBODIES REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which class of antibody is secreted in breastmilk? ā£ IgM ā£ IgA ā£ IgE ā£ IgG
- 28. ANTIBODIES REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which class of antibody is secreted in breastmilk? ā£ IgM ā£ IgA ā£ IgE ā£ IgG
- 29. ANTIBODIES REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies are associated with which autoimmune disease? ā£ Coeliac disease ā£ Rheumatoid arthritis ā£ Gravesā disease ā£ Lupus
- 30. ANTIBODIES REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies are associated with which autoimmune disease? ā£ Coeliac disease ā£ Rheumatoid arthritis ā£ Gravesā disease ā£ Lupus
- 31. ANTIBODIES REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which two classes of antibodies are expressed by all naĆÆve B cells? ā£ IgG and IgA ā£ IgM and IgE ā£ IgD and IgA ā£ IgM and IgD
- 32. ANTIBODIES REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which two classes of antibodies are expressed by all naĆÆve B cells? ā£ IgG and IgA ā£ IgM and IgE ā£ IgD and IgA ā£ IgM and IgD
- 33. ANTIBODIES REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ What is opsonization ? ā£ Preventing pathogens from entering cells ā£ Making pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis ā£ Attracting natural killer cells to destroy pathogens ā£ Forming a complex with an antigen
- 34. ANTIBODIES REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ What is opsonization ? ā£ Preventing pathogens from entering cells ā£ Making pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis ā£ Attracting natural killer cells to destroy pathogens ā£ Forming a complex with an antigen
- 35. ANTIBODIES REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which type hypersensitivity reaction is IgE associated with? ā£ Type I ā£ Type II ā£ Type III ā£ Type IV
- 36. ANTIBODIES REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which type hypersensitivity reaction is IgE associated with? ā£ Type I ā£ Type II ā£ Type III ā£ Type IV
- 38. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION OVERVIEW ā£ T cells can only recognize antigens when they are displayed on cell surfaces ā£ This is carried out byĀ Antigen-presenting cellsĀ (APCs), the most important of which are dendritic cells, B cells and macrophages ā£ APCs can digest proteins they encounter and display peptide fragments from them on their surfaces for another immune cell to recognize ā£ This process of antigen presentation allows T cells to āseeā what proteins are present in the body and to form an adaptive immune response against them ā£ Learning Goal ā£ To discuss antigen processing, presentation and recognition by T cells
- 39. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION ANTIGEN PRESENTATION ā£ Antigens are delivered to the surface of APCs byĀ Major Histocompatibility ComplexĀ (MHC) molecules ā£ Different MHC molecules can bind different peptides ā£ The MHC is highly polygenic and polymorphic which equips us to recognize a vast array of different antigens we might encounter ā£ There are different classes of MHC, which have different functions: ā£ MHC class IĀ molecules are found on all nucleated cells (not just professional APCs) and typically presentĀ intracellularĀ antigens such as viruses ā£ MHC class IIĀ molecules are only found on APCs and typically present extracellularĀ antigens such as bacteria
- 40. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION ANTIGEN PRESENTATION ā£ This is logical because should a virus be inside a cell of any type, the immune system needs to be able to respond to it ā£ This also explains why pathogens inside human red blood cells (which are non-nucleated) can be difficult for the immune system to find, such as in malaria ā£ Remember that this is the general rule but inĀ cross- presentationĀ extracellular antigens can be presented by MHC class I and inĀ autophagyĀ intracellular antigens can be presented by MHC class II
- 41. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION ANTIGEN PROCESSING ā£ Before an antigen can be presented, it must first beĀ processed ā£ Processing transforms proteins into antigenic peptides ā£ MHC Class I Molecules ā£ IntracellularĀ peptides for MHC class I presentation are made by proteases and the proteasome in the cytosol, then transported into the endoplasmic reticulum via TAP (Transporter associated with Antigen Processing) to be further processed ā£ They are then assembled together with MHC I molecules and travel to the cell surface ready for presentation
- 42. https://teachmephysiology.com/immune-system/adaptive-immune-system/antigen-processing-presentation/
- 43. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION ANTIGEN PROCESSING ā£ MCH Class II Molecules ā£ The route of processing forĀ exogenousĀ antigens for MHC class II presentation begins with endocytosis of the antigen ā£ Once inside the cell, they are encased within endosomes that acidify and activate proteases, to degrade the antigen ā£ MHC class II molecules are transported intoĀ endocytic vesiclesĀ where they bind peptide antigen, and then travel to the cell surface
- 44. https://teachmephysiology.com/immune-system/adaptive-immune-system/antigen-processing-presentation/
- 45. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION ANTIGEN PRESENTATION ā£ The antigen presented on MHCs is recognized by T cells using aĀ T cell receptorĀ (TCR) ā£ These areĀ antigen-specific ā£ T Cell Receptors ā£ Each T cell has thousands ofĀ TCRs, each with a unique specificity that collectively allows our immune system to recognize a wide array of antigens ā£ This diversity in TCRs is achieved through a process called V(D)J recombination during development in the thymus
- 46. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION ANTIGEN PRESENTATION ā£ TCR chains have a variable region where gene segments are randomly rearranged, using the proteins RAG1 andĀ RAG2Ā to initiate cleavage and non-homologous end joining to rejoin the chains ā£ The diversity of the TCRs can be further increased by inserting or deleting nucleotides at the junctions of gene segments; together forming the potential to create up to 1015Ā unique TCRs ā£ TCRs are specific not only for a particular antigen but also for a specific MHC molecule ā£ T cells will only recognize an antigen if a specific antigen with a specific MHC molecule is present ā£ This phenomenon is calledĀ MHC restriction
- 47. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION ANTIGEN PRESENTATION ā£ Co-Receptors ā£ As well as the TCR, another T cell molecule is required for antigen recognition and is known as a co-receptor ā£ These are either aĀ CD4Ā orĀ CD8Ā molecule: ā£ CD4 is present onĀ T helper cellsĀ and only binds to antigen-MHC II complexes ā£ CD8 is present onĀ cytotoxic T cellsĀ and only binds to antigen-MHC I complexes
- 48. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION ANTIGEN PRESENTATION ā£ This therefore leads to very different effects ā£ Antigens presented with MHC II will activate T helper cells and antigens presented with MHC I activate cytotoxic T cells ā£ Cytotoxic T cells will kill the cells that they recognize, whereas T helper cells have a broader range of effects on the presenting cell such as activation to produce antibodies (in the case of B cells) or activation of macrophages to kill theirĀ intracellular pathogens
- 49. https://teachmephysiology.com/immune-system/adaptive-immune-system/antigen-processing-presentation/
- 50. https://teachmephysiology.com/immune-system/adaptive-immune-system/antigen-processing-presentation/
- 51. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which cells do MHC class II molecules stimulate? ā£ T helper cells ā£ Cytotoxic T cells ā£ Plasma cells ā£ B memory cells
- 52. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which cells do MHC class II molecules stimulate? ā£ T helper cells ā£ Cytotoxic T cells ā£ Plasma cells ā£ B memory cells
- 53. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which MHC Class molecule is found on all nucleated cells? ā£ MHC Class I ā£ MHC Class II ā£ MHC Class III ā£ MHC Class IV
- 54. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which MHC Class molecule is found on all nucleated cells? ā£ MHC Class I ā£ MHC Class II ā£ MHC Class III ā£ MHC Class IV
- 55. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which MHC class molecules do cytotoxic T cells interact with? ā£ MHC class II ā£ MHC class V ā£ MHC class I ā£ MHC class IV
- 56. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which MHC class molecules do cytotoxic T cells interact with? ā£ MHC class II ā£ MHC class V ā£ MHC class I ā£ MHC class IV
- 57. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Why does the immune system struggle to detect pathogens such as malaria? ā£ It is encapsulated ā£ It mutates rapidly ā£ It resides in red blood cells ā£ It replicates too quickly
- 58. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Why does the immune system struggle to detect pathogens such as malaria? ā£ It is encapsulated ā£ It mutates rapidly ā£ It resides in red blood cells ā£ It replicates too quickly ā£ Pathogens such as malaria reside in red blood cells, which are non- nucleated and therefore do not possess MHC Class I molecules.
- 59. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which of these correctly describes MHC restriction? ā£ A situation in which extracellular antigens can be presented by MHC class I ā£ T cells will only recognize an antigen if a specific antigen with a specific MHC molecule is present ā£ A situation in which intracellular antigens can be presented by MHC class II ā£ TCR chains have a variable region where gene segments are randomly rearranged, using the proteins RAG1 and RAG2
- 60. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which of these correctly describes MHC restriction? ā£ A situation in which extracellular antigens can be presented by MHC class I ā£ T cells will only recognize an antigen if a specific antigen with a specific MHC molecule is present ā£ A situation in which intracellular antigens can be presented by MHC class II ā£ TCR chains have a variable region where gene segments are randomly rearranged, using the proteins RAG1 and RAG2
- 61. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Autophagy is: ā£ A situation in which extracellular antigens can be presented by MHC class I ā£ Important for assembling intracellular peptides for MHC class I presentation ā£ A situation in which intracellular antigens can be presented by MHC class II ā£ The transport of MHC molecules to the cell surface via endocytosis
- 62. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Autophagy is: ā£ A situation in which extracellular antigens can be presented by MHC class I ā£ Important for assembling intracellular peptides for MHC class I presentation ā£ A situation in which intracellular antigens can be presented by MHC class II ā£ The transport of MHC molecules to the cell surface via endocytosis
- 63. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ What is the self-antigen implicated in Graveās disease? ā£ Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ā£ Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor ā£ T3 ā£ T3 Receptor
- 64. ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ What is the self-antigen implicated in Graveās disease? ā£ Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ā£ Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor ā£ T3 ā£ T3 Receptor
- 65. T CELL MEMORY
- 66. T CELL MEMORY OVERVIEW ā£ T cells/TĀ lymphocytesĀ are white blood cells produced in the thymus gland ā£ They play an important role in adaptive immunity ā£ There are several subtypes of T cells ā£ These include: T helper cells, T regulatory cells, T memory cells and cytotoxic T cells ā£ These cells have distinct functions and they work together in a complex network involving other immune cells to combat disease ā£ Learning Goal ā£ To cover the role of the T memory cell and how they help to protect against infection in the long term
- 67. T CELL MEMORY INITIAL EXPOSURE - INNATE T CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE ā£ When an antigen first enters the body it encounters cells of the innate immune system ā£ e.g. macrophages and dendritic cells ā£ These cells capture and present the antigenĀ (antigen presenting cells/APCs)Ā and release a variety of cytokines and inflammatory mediators to recruit other immune cells and to stimulate the innate immune response ā£ The antigen presenting cells then drain into local lymph nodes where they encounterĀ naĆÆve T helper cellsĀ and B cells ā£ These initiate the more specialized, adaptive immune response ā£ The antigen exposure causes the naĆÆve T helper cells to differentiate into memory helper T cells ā£ These then proliferate and specialize into Th1 or Th2 roles ā> leading to activation of cytotoxic T cells and B cell differentiation
- 68. T CELL MEMORY INITIAL EXPOSURE - ADAPTIVE T CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE ā£ The cytotoxic T cells help with pathogen removal ā£ They recognize and bind to the antigens expressed by pathogens viaĀ MHC IĀ molecules ā£ Upon binding to the antigen/pathogen the cytotoxic T cell releases a variety of mediators to destroy the pathogen ā£ The T helper cells release a variety ofĀ cytokinesĀ which activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages and induce B cell differentiation into plasma cells to produce antigen specific antibodies ā£ These antibodies help to fight the infection through binding to the antigen ā£ Once bound, the antibody prevents the antigen from binding to other targets and also facilitates antigen recognition and removal
- 69. T CELL MEMORY SECONDARY EXPOSURE ā£ T Memory Cells ā£ These cells serve to ārememberā the specific antigen involved in this encounter, so that should this antigen enter the body again the T helper cells would be able to activate B cells much faster ā£ Subsequently,Ā antigen-specific antibodiesĀ are produced ā£ The T helper cells would also stimulate faster expansion ofĀ cytotoxic T cellsĀ to hasten pathogen clearance from the body ā£ This would lead to a far quicker immune response and faster infection clearance
- 70. T CELL MEMORY CLINICAL RELEVANCE -Ā T CELL IMMUNODEFICIENCIES ā£ DiGeorge Syndrome ā£ DiGeorge (or 22q11.2 deletion) syndromeĀ is autosomal dominant and caused by a deletion of the q11.2 portion of chromosome 22 ā£ The clinical features can vary, but can be remembered with the CATCH-22 acroynm: ā£ Cardiac abnormalities ā£ Abnormal facial features ā£ Thymic hypoplasia ā£ Cleft palate ā£ Hypocalcaemia ā£ ChromosomeĀ 22Ā affected
- 71. T CELL MEMORY CLINICAL RELEVANCE -Ā T CELL IMMUNODEFICIENCIES ā£ DiGeorge Syndrome contā¦ ā£ AsĀ T cellsĀ usually mature in theĀ thymusĀ after being produced in the bone marrow, thymic hypoplasia causes a reduction in mature, functional T-cells ā£ Most cases are partial, meaning there is only mild to moderate thymus dysfunction which is not life threatening ā£ In complete DiGeorge syndrome, the immunodeficiency can be fatal
- 72. T CELL MEMORY CLINICAL RELEVANCE -Ā T CELL IMMUNODEFICIENCIES ā£ Severe Combined Immunodeficiency ā£ Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)Ā is caused by mutations which cause the impaired development ofĀ B and T cells ā£ It is the mostĀ severeĀ primary immunodeficiency, presenting in early life with severe bacterial, viral and fungal infections ā£ Infants may also present with chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive ā£ The two most common causes are X-linked and autosomal recessive adenosine deaminase deficiency
- 73. T CELL MEMORY REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Where do T cells mature in the body? ā£ The thymus ā£ The spleen ā£ The bone marrow ā£ Mucosally Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
- 74. T CELL MEMORY REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Where do T cells mature in the body? ā£ The thymus ā£ The spleen ā£ The bone marrow ā£ Mucosally Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
- 75. T CELL MEMORY REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which of the following is NOT a subclass of T helper cell? ā£ Cytotoxic T cell ā£ Th1 cell ā£ Th2 cell ā£ Th17 cell
- 76. T CELL MEMORY REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which of the following is NOT a subclass of T helper cell? ā£ Cytotoxic T cell ā£ Th1 cell ā£ Th2 cell ā£ Th17 cell
- 77. T CELL MEMORY REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which MHC class molecules do cytotoxic T cells interact with? ā£ MHC class II ā£ MHC class V ā£ MHC class I ā£ MHC class IV
- 78. T CELL MEMORY REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which MHC class molecules do cytotoxic T cells interact with? ā£ MHC class II ā£ MHC class V ā£ MHC class I ā£ MHC class IV
- 79. T CELL MEMORY REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which of these is an antigen presenting cell? ā£ Dendritic cell ā£ Plasma cell ā£ Eosinophil ā£ Mast cell
- 80. T CELL MEMORY REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ Which of these is an antigen presenting cell? ā£ Dendritic cell ā£ Plasma cell ā£ Eosinophil ā£ Mast cell
- 81. T CELL MEMORY REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ A vaccine: ā£ directly provides antigen-specific antibodies to a pathogen ā£ releases cytokines at the site of injection to stimulate a response ā£ proliferates into Th1 cells once inside the body ā£ contains weakened or dead forms of a pathogen and is designed to mimic the initial exposure response
- 82. T CELL MEMORY REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ A vaccine: ā£ directly provides antigen-specific antibodies to a pathogen ā£ releases cytokines at the site of injection to stimulate a response ā£ proliferates into Th1 cells once inside the body ā£ contains weakened or dead forms of a pathogen and is designed to mimic the initial exposure response
- 83. T CELL MEMORY REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ What do plasma cells produce? ā£ MHC class I molecules ā£ Antigen specific antibodies ā£ Chemotaxins ā£ Antibody specific antigens
- 84. T CELL MEMORY REVIEW QUESTIONS ā£ What do plasma cells produce? ā£ MHC class I molecules ā£ Antigen specific antibodies ā£ Chemotaxins ā£ Antibody specific antigens
- 85. References These slide reflect a summary of the contents of TeachMePhysiology.com and are to be used for educational purposes only in compliance with the terms of use policy. Specific portions referenced in this summary are as follows: ā£ https://teachmephysiology.com/immune-system/adaptive-immune-system/ antibodies/ ā£ https://teachmephysiology.com/immune-system/adaptive-immune-system/ antigen-processing-presentation/ ā£ https://teachmephysiology.com/immune-system/adaptive-immune-system/t-cell- memory/ Additional sources are referenced on the slide containing that specific content.