Epispadias by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
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EPISPADIAS Here the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis, proximal to the glans. COMMON SITES abdominopenile junction. It is associated with a dorsal chordee, ectopia vesicae, urinary incontinence, separated pubic bones. It is uncommon in females.
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Endometriosis
This document provides information about endometriosis including its definition, sites, symptoms, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, most commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissue around the uterus.
- It affects 5-15% of women and common symptoms include pelvic pain, painful periods, infertility.
- Diagnosis involves physical exam, ultrasound, MRI, and laparoscopy. Treatment includes pain medication, hormonal therapy, surgery.
- Surgical management aims to remove endometrial growths and adhesions to relieve symptoms and in some cases improve fertility.
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Urethritis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
URETHRITIS - inflammation of urethra
CAUSES
Gonococcal urethritis.
Nongonococcal urethritis:
Trichomonal urethritis.
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV).
Mycoplasma.
Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Candida.
Trauma
Catheters
Cystoscopes
stones.
Chemical urethritis.
Reiter’s disease: Arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis.
Allergy.
Renal calculus by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
RENAL CALCULUS AETIOLOGY
Males- radio-opaque gall stones
Females - Radiolucent gall stones
Diet:Vitamin A deficiency
it causes desquamation of epithelium
which acts as a nidus for stone formation.
Climate:
In hot climate urinary solutes will increase with decrease in colloids,
Paraphimosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
PARAPHIMOSIS
DEFINITION
Inability to place back (cover) the retracted prepucial skin over the glans is called as paraphimosis.
It causes ring like constriction proximal to the corona and prepuceal skin.
Beningn prostrate Hypertrophy (BPH) by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
This document discusses benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), including its etiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that occurs in older men due to an imbalance of hormones. It causes obstruction of the urethra and symptoms like frequent urination, weak urine stream, and retention. Diagnosis involves exams, urine and blood tests, and imaging of the prostate, kidneys, and bladder. Treatment depends on symptoms and complications but may include catheterization, surgery to remove part of the prostate like TURP, or other procedures to relieve blockage.
Varicocele by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
Varicocele is dilatation and tortuosity of the veins within the scrotum that drain blood from the testicles. It is more common on the left side where the left testicular vein drains directly into the left renal vein. Varicocele can cause increased temperature in the scrotum and impair sperm production. Treatment involves surgical ligation of the affected veins to repair blood flow and potentially improve fertility.
Testicular tumors
TESTICULAR TUMOURS
PREVALANCE
99% of testicular tumours are malignant.
Life time prevalence of getting testicular tumour is 0.2%.
Very common in Scandinavia; least common inAfrica andAsia.
4 times common in whites than blacks.
Orchitis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
ORCHITIS
AETIOLOGY
It is an inflammation of the testis.
It is commonly associated with inflammation ofthe epididymis. Hence, called as epididymo-orchitis.
Orchitis is due to infection through blood, lymphatics or epididymis.
Epididymitis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
EPIDIDYMITIS,
CAUSES
Inflammation of epididymis is commonly associated with orchitis— epididymo-orchitis.
Nonspecific
viral like mumps.
Bacterial.
Filarial.
Tuberculosis
Perforated peptic ulcer by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER
PERFORATION
DEFINITION
It is the terminology used for perforation of duodenal ulcer or gastric ulcer or stomal ulcer.
Otherwise all clinical features and management are similar.
Perforation is common in duodenal ulcer
Mortality is more in gastric ulcer perforation and perforation in elderly
Gastric ulcer by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
GASTRIC ULCER
AETIOLOGY
It occurs due to imbalance between protective and damaging factors of gastric mucosa.
Atrophic gastritis
duodenogastric bile reflux
gastric stasis
abnormalities in acid and pepsin secretion.
Acid becomes ulcerogenic even to normal gastric mucosa.
Congenital (infantile) hypertrophic pyloric stenosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
CONGENITAL (INFANTILE) HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS
DEFINITION
It is hypertrophy of musculature of pyloric antrum, especially the circular muscle fibres, causing primary failure of pylorus to relax.
Duodenum is normal.
Carcinoma stomach by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
CARCINOMA STOMACH
INCIDENCE
‘It is the captain of men of death’.
It is more common in Japan—70 per 1,00,000 population.
It is more common in males 2:1.
Decrease incidence in western world
Pilonidal sinus diseases by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
PILONIDAL SINUS/DISEASE (Jeep Bottom; Driver’s Bottom)
Pilus—hair; Nidus—nest
It is epithelium lined tract, situated short distance behind the anus, containing hairs and unhealthy diseased granulation tissue.
It is due to penetration of hairs through the skin into subcutaneous tissue.
Piles/Haemorrhoids by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
Piles, also known as haemorrhoids, are swollen veins in the anal canal. They are classified based on their location and severity. Piles are caused by factors that increase pressure in the anal veins like straining during bowel movements, pregnancy, obesity, etc. Common symptoms include bleeding, pain, itching and bulging of veins near the anus. Piles are diagnosed through examination of the anus and rectum. Treatment options range from lifestyle and diet changes to medical procedures like banding or surgery. Complications can include thrombosis, prolapse or gangrene if piles are left untreated.
Carcinoma Rectum by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
This document discusses carcinoma of the rectum, including its etiology, pathology, staging, clinical features, investigations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Carcinoma of the rectum is more common in females and usually originates from pre-existing adenomas or polyps. Risk factors include diet high in red meat/saturated fat and low in fiber, as well as smoking, alcohol, family history, and certain medical conditions.
- Pathologically, most are adenocarcinomas that may be well, moderately, or undifferentiated. Staging systems include Duke's and TNM classification. Clinical features include bleeding, anemia, and symptoms of bowel obstruction.
Hiatus hernia by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
HIATUS HERNIA
DEFINITION
It is the most common type of diaphragmatic hernia
TYPES
Sliding hernia (85%).
Rolling hernia (10–12%).
Combined
SAINT’S TRIAD
Hiatus hernia
Diverticulosis
Gallstones .
Achlasia cardia by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
ACHALASIA CARDIA (Cardiospasm)
DEFINITION
It is failure of relaxation of cardia (oesophago- gastric junction) due to disorganized oesophageal peristalsis, as a result of failure of integration of parasympathetic impulses causing functional obstruction
(Achalasia means failure to relax—Greek).
ACHALASIA CARDIA (Cardiospasm)
DEFINITION
It is failure of relaxation of cardia (oesophago- gastric junction) due to disorganized oesophageal peristalsis, as a result of failure of integration of parasympathetic impulses causing functional obstruction
(Achalasia means failure to relax—Greek).
Intestinal diseases by Dr.AmrithaAnilkumar
It includes
Carcinoma colon
Diverticular Diseases of colon
Haematemesis
Intestinal obstruction
Intussception
Meckel’s Diverticulum
Paralytic Ileus
Crohns Diseases
Ulcerative colitis
Volvulus
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Learning objectives:
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2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
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Epispadias by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
- 1. en love da Homoeopathy EPISPADIAS
- 2. EPISPADIAS
- 3. EPISPADIAS • Here the urethra opens on the dorsumof the penis, proximal to the glans. COMMONSITES • abdominopenilejunction. • It is associatedwith a dorsal chordee, ectopia vesicae, urinary incontinence, separatedpubicbones. • It is uncommon in females. TREATMENT • Correctionof incontinence of urethra. • Urinary diversion
- 4. ORGANISMS • Staphylococcus—most common. • Streptococcus • Gram-negative organisms. CLINICALFEATURES • Pain • Tenderness, • Swelling in the terminal phalanx. • Fever. • Tender axillarylymph nodes. • Oftensuppuration is severe, ↓ forming collar stud abscess ↓ whicheventuallymay burst. INVESTIGATION • X-rayof the part is required often to rule out osteomyelitis of terminal phalanx. • Pus for culture and sensitivity.
- 5. TREATMENT • Antibiotics and analgesics. • Drainage of terminal pulp space by an oblique deepincision. • If there is osteomyelitis of the terminal phalanx, it has to be amputated. COMPLICATION • Osteomyelitis of the terminal phalanx. • Pyogenicarthritis of distal interphalangeal jointand tenosynovitis of flexor sheath. • Septicaemia—in immunosuppressed individuals
- 6. REFERENCE 1. SRB's Manual of Surgery by SriramBhat M 2. A Manual on Clinical Surgeryby Das 3. A Concise textbookof Surgeryby Das
- 7. A Special Thanks To A Very Special Doctor