fundamental.pptx

Introduction of Computer
Computer: A computer is a multipurpose
electronic device capable of performing
arithmetical and logical operations. A
computer performs basic 4 operations:-
1) Accepts the data as Input.
2) Stores the data and instructions in its Memory
and Retrieves the same as when required.
3) Process the data as per instructions.
4) Communicate the information Output.
Friday, October 27, 2023 2

Features of Computer:
 Speed: Computer makes calculation at very fast
speed without any mistake. Speed of computer is
measured is KIPS(Kilo Instruction Per Second) and
MIPS (Million Instruction Per Second).
 Accuracy: In spite of being so fast, the computer’s
accuracy is consistently high. Mostly, errors occurs in
computing are due to human rather than technological
weakness.
 Storage Capacity: Computer can store vast amount
of information and information can be retrieved back
in nanosecond.

 Automation: Computer can perform repetitive jobs
automatically without need for human intervention
with exactly the same accuracy and speed of the first.
 Versatility: Computer performs repetitive jobs
automatically in the shape of Robot and help man by
audio, Visual means and graphics.
 Dedication: Being a machine, it can perform millions
of instructions with exactly the same accuracy and
speed of the first without tiring and bored.

Generation of Computer
Each phase is characterized by type of
switching circuits, processing speed, Input and
Output Device used, storage Capacity, operating
system used, language etc. Different generation of
computer are:
1. First Generation Computer (1946 - 59)
2. Second Generation Computer (1959 - 65)
3. Third Generation Computer (1965 - 70)
4. Fourth Generation Computer (1970 - 80)
5. Fifth Generation Computer (1980 - Present)

1.First Generation Computer
Time period: 1946 – 1959
Technology: Vacuum Tubes
Memory Capacity: 10000 to 20000 characters
Computer: ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC, LEO,
UNIVAC-1, IBM-401 and IBM-650
Computers were expensive, very large
in size and weight, relatively slow, unreliable,
limited programming capabilities, high power
consumption, restricted computing speed.

2.Second Generation Computer
Time period: 1959-1965
Technology: Transistor (FLIP-FLOP) and Diodes
Memory Capacity: 4000 to 6000 character
Computer: CDC 600, IBM 1620,7090, 7094,
UNIVAC 1108,RCA 501, ATLAS
Use of transistors reduce size,
manufacturing and running costs and improved
reliability and processing power.

3.Third Generation Computer
Time period: 1965-1970
Technology: Integrated Circuits (IC)
Memory Capacity: 32000 to 4 million characters
Computer: IBM 360, CDC 7600,ICL 1900,
PDP 8
Computers were smaller, still faster,
more reliable and needed less power. The overall
efficiency increase resulted in the reduction of
computing cost Significant improvement in the
development of software and operating system.

4.Fourth Generation Computer
 Time period: 1970-1980
 Technology: Large scale Integrated Circuits (LSIC)
Microprocessor
 Memory Capacity: 512000 to 32 million characters
 Computer: IBM 370, CRAY-1, CYBER 205, CRAY-
XMP, IBM PC, APPLE-II.
More powerful, versatile , and reliable
computer system, faster, smaller, less expensive and
miniature in size.

5.Fifth Generation Computer
These computer use a large number of
processors and CPUs working concurrently and
independently. Advance in the science of computer
design and technology enables into the creation of
fifth generation computer are:
1) Parallel Processing by using many CPUs to work as
one.
2) Superconductor technology which allows the flow
of electricity with little or non resistance to improve
the speed of information flow.

3) Knowledge, Information & Intelligence Processing.
4) Artificial Intelligence and voice recognition system
able to accept spoken word instruction and imitate
human reasoning.
5) The ability to translate foreign language is also a
major goal of fifth generation computer.
The most famous example of fifth
generation is the Fictional Hal 9000, Novell 2001, A
Space Odyssey.

Classification of Computer
Computer
Based on
Technology
Digital
computer
Analog
Computer
Hybrid
Computer
Based on Size
Micro
Computer
Mini
Computer
Main Frame
Computer
Super
Computer

Based on Technology:
1.Digital Computer: Digital computer represent the data into digits
and operates by numerical counting of data, using the method of
controlled arithmetic. Accuracy of digital computers is unlimited.
Digital computers are best suited for handling numerical problems,
statistical data, and random process.
2.Analog Computer: Analog computer continuous processes by mea-
-suring analogous electrical signals. Analog Computer represent data
in terms of continuous physical quantity. Analog Computers are best
Suited for simulating response of physical systems.
3.Hybrid Computer: Hybrid Computer combine the characteristics of
analog and digital computers. Hybrid Computers are used for autom-
-atic operations of physical processes and machines.

Based on Size:
1.Micro Computer: Micro computer are very small,
portable relatively inexpensive with microprocessor
chip as CPU, semiconductor RAM for Storing
programs and a RAM for data. The speed of
microprocessor is 100KIPS.Micro can be classified
as: Desktop, Laptop etc.

2.Mini Computer: Mini computer is fast, small and
inexpensive computer with limited output-input
capabilities with smaller CPU. Storage capacity of
Mini Computer is 12 MB and transfer rate of data is
about 4 Millions bytes/seconds. Mini Computer are
heavily in transaction processing application and as
interfaces between mainframe computer system and
Wide Area Network.

3.Main Frame Computer: Main frame computer,
high level computer designed for the most intensive
computational task shared by multiple users
connected to the computer via terminals. The main
memory of this computer is 128 MB. All its
peripherals are mounted in large cabinet type of
frames , these computers are known as Main Frame
Computer.

4.Super Computer: Super computer used for
massive data processing and solving very
sophisticated problems such as whether forecasting,
Weapons research and development, rocketing,
atomic, nuclear and plasma physics. The main
memory of this computer is 256 MB. Examples of
super computer are PARAM, CRAY 3, SX-2, HITACS-
300 etc.

Computer Organization
The computer means a group of
various machines which are utilities for
processing a set of data. The system involves
during computer programming and for
computer up- keeping are:
Hardware
Software

HARDWARE
The physical component of a
computer are called hardware which can seen
and touched like electronic, magnetic,
mechanical or optical devices. It includes:
1) Input Devices
2) Output Devices
3) Central Processing Unit (CPU)
4) Memory

1.Input Device
A device which is used for giving
instruction (Input) to the CPU is known as
Input device. Input device first convert input
into binary electronic signals which is
understood by CPU. Some Input devices are -
Keyboard Mouse Light Pen
Scanner
Track Ball
Joy Stick

Keyboard: Program and data are
entered into a computer through a
keyboard which is attached to a
microcomputer and similar to the
keyboard of a typewriter. It contains
alphabets, Digits, special characters and
some control keys.
Mouse: A mouse is electromechanical
pointing device used to draw sketch,
diagrams etc. and to point on the screen.

Track Ball: Track ball is a pointing
device and contain a ball which can
rotate in any direction used to play
games by children.
Joy Stick: It is also a pointing device
which is used for playing games.

Light Pen: A light pen is a
photosensitive pen like pointing device
used to select a displayed menu option
on the CRT, to draw diagrams and
graphics work.
Scanner: A scanner is an input device
which capture images from
photographic prints, posters, magazine
pages for computer editing. It display
and stores them in graphic format.
There are different types of scanner:
 OMR
 OCR
 MICR
 OBCR

Optical Mark Reader (OMR): An input device that detect
pencil marks as square or bubble on examination answer sheet
on paper media and sent the corresponding to the processor.
Optical Character Reader (OCR): An input device which
can reads characters directly from an ordinary piece of paper
by using a scanning mechanism. OCR readers can read at a
rate of up to 240 characters per seconds.
Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR): An input device
that can read cards, paper and cheques printed with a special
magnetic ink. The speed of reading MICR is around 1200
documents per minute.
Optical Bar Code Reader (OBCR): An input device that
scan a set of vertical bars of different width that represents
data and are used to read tags and mechanize in stores, medical
records, library books etc.

2.Output Devices
The unit of a computer system that supplies
information and result of computation into human
understandable form, CPU process data and convert
into information, the result in the form of electrical
signal. Some output devices are -
Monitor Printer Plotter Speaker

Visual Display Unit(VDU): An output
device used to display the output
generated by the computer. It is also
known as monitor. Monitors are
available in different sizes like 12”,
14”, 15”, 17”, 19”, 21” etc.
There are so many types of
monitor in market, like:
1. CRT (Cathode Rays Tube)
2. TFT (Thin Film Transistor)
3. LCD (Liquid Crustal Display)
4. LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Printer: An output device used to
produce hard copy of computation.
Printer are capable of printing at very
high speeds.
Printers can be divided into 2 groups –
1. Impact Printer
a) Dot Matrix Printer
2. Non-impact Printer
a) Laser Printer
b) Ink Jet Printer

Plotter: Plotter is an output device that
converts computer output into a
graphic output. It is used to create
presentation visual, charts, graphs,
tables, and diagram. To draw clear and
high quality diagrams, a plotter is used.
Speaker: You can use speaker on a
multimedia machine to listen to the
sound or music files, which can be
audio, recorded by a microphones or
audio CDs.

3.CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
The CPU is the brain of computer. CPU controls
the operations of all the components such as memory, input
and output devices. Its primary function is to execute
programs. It takes information from the input and processes it
according to instructions given by the programs. Under its
control, programs and data are stored in the memory and
output are displayed on the screen or printed on paper after
processing. Function of CPU is:
CPU
Memory:
RAM, ROM
Drives: Hard Disk,
Optical Drives
(CD/DVD)
Input:
Keyboard, Mouse
Output:
Monitor, Printer

CPU has three components:
i. CU (Control Unit)
ii. ALU (Arithmetical & Logical Unit)
iii.MU (Memory Unit)

Control Unit (CU): Control unit directs the sequence of operation,
interprets the coded instructions and execute the programs instruction.
It transfers data between memory and input/output devices.
Arithmetical & Logical Unit (ALU): ALU performs all mathematical
and logical operation. Data move from primary storage to ALU and
Back again to storage during processing operations.
Memory Unit (MU): An important part of CPU is memory unit. It
holds programs, instructions, input data, intermediate results and
output information obtained after processing.

4.Memory
A device or medium that stores any
information and deliver them as when requires. The
data and program are stored in computer. It has two
main parts:
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory

1.Primary Memory
It is semiconductor memories which are
static, lighter, cheaper than magnetic core memories.
These are temporary and volatile memory. Data is
stored in them and is lost when power supply is
switched off. It is also called as main memory. It can
be divided into the following two types:
I. RAM (Random Access Memory)
II.ROM (Read Only Memory)

I.Random Access Memory (RAM):It is semiconductor based read/write
memory and volatile memory. Information can be written into and read
from RAM. It retains the stored information as long as it is supplied with
Power.
There are two types of RAM:
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Static RAM (SRAM)
Dynamic RAM: DRAM are cheaper and have high packing density and
moderate speed. They consume less power. A dynamic RAM provide
volatile storage. DRAM have to be refreshed every 2 millisecond. They
are used where large capacity memories are needed.
Static RAM: Static RAM are costlier and consume more power. They
do not refreshing circuitry. SRAM faster than DRAM.

II.Read Only Memory (ROM): It is non volatile memory which can be
read by CPU. ROMs store permanent programs and other types of
information which are needed by the computer to execute user programs.
Users cannot write into ROM. Its contents are written at the time of
manufacture.
Different types of ROM chip available are:
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM)

2.Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is used for mass storage of
programs, data and other information. It is non volatile
permanent memory. It has larger capacity and is much costlier
than main memory. It stores system software, assemblers,
compilers, useful package, large data files etc. some following
examples of secondary memory are:
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Optical Disk
Pen Drive

Floppy Disk
A floppy disk is made of vinyl plastic material and coated
with magnetic material. It is enclosed in a plastic protective
envelope called plastic jacket to protect from dust and scratches.
It is a cheaper form of storage device. Floppy disks are available
in capacities of 360KB, 1.2MB, 1.44MB and 2.88MB.
The available sizes for floppy disks are:
 Mini Floppy in 5.25” diameter
 Micro Floppy in 3.5” diameter
Floppy disk is used for copying data from one machine to
another. It is a removable storage device.

Hard Disk
Hard disk is a high storage capacity disk and
permanently placed inside the computer. Hard disk uses a hard
surface recording media called platters mounted on fixed
spindle which rotates at the speed of 3600-7200 RPM. The
read- write head moves horizontally across the platters from
edge to the center so that they can read or write data to any
part of the surface. The hard disk consists of a one or more
platters each of which has two sides. Each disk consists of a
number of concentric circles called tracks. A set of tracks on
all the surface of a form a cylinder. Track is further subdivided
into sectors.

Optical Disk
An optical disk is also a portable storage
device. You can use optical disk to store data. The
data can be read using a drive.
It has two types:
 CD (Compact Disk) : 700MB
 DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) : 4.7GB

Unit of Measurement
1 Nibble = 4 Bits
1 Byte = 8 Bits
1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 Bytes
1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 Kilobytes
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 Megabytes
1 Terabyte (TB) = 1024 Gigabytes

Software
The Computer hardware in itself cannot
perform any useful task. It must be complemented
with some instructions, which the hardware
understands and obeys. A program is the name given
to a list of instructions or statements that direct the
computer to perform the required task. A set of
program is known as a software. Software can be
classified in following:
 System Software
 Application Software

System Software
System software is a sets of one or more programs that are
basically designed to control the operation of a computer
system. They general programs written to assist users in the
use of the computer system by performing tasks, such as
controlling all of hardware, moving data into and out of a
computer and all the other steps in execution the application
program. A sub division of system software is as following:
i. Operating System
a. SUST
b. SUMT
c. MUMT

i. Operating System
An Operating system controls the flow of signals
from the CPU various resource and overall operation
of computer system. It is the first program loaded into
computer’s memory after the computer is switched
on. All application programs need to be programmed
in such a way that they talk with the operating system
for interacting and use hardware resources. There are
3 types of operating system:
 Single User Single Tasking (SUST)
 Single User Multi Tasking (SUMT)
 Multi User Multi Tasking (MUMT)

SUST: Operating system which allows only one user work
on a computer and can execute only one task at a time is
known as single user single tasking operating system. Ex.:
MSDOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) etc.
SUMT: Operating system which allows only one user work
on a computer and can execute multiple tasks at a time is
known as single user multi tasking operating system. Ex.:
Window XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 etc.
MUMT: Operating system which allows multiple user work
on a computer and can execute multiple task at a time is
known as multi user multi tasking operating system. Ex.:
Linux, Unix etc.

Application Software
Application software is written to enables the
computer to solve a specific data processing task. A
software is made for user according to their purpose
is known as application software. Application
software is being used for following purpose:
 Database Management
 Accounting Package
 Communication Package
 Desktop Publishing Package

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