2. Socialization
Socialization is knowing a culture and being
able to live in it. It is also a process wherein
individuals learn and get new ideas from
others surrounding them.
3. Internalization
The process in which people take as their
own and accept as binding the norms,
values, beliefs, and language needed to
participate in the larger community.
4. Nature and Nurture
The process of socialization involves both.
Nature is the human genetic makeup or
biological inheritance.
Nurture is the environment or the
interaction experiences that make up every
individual’s life.
5. Primary Groups
A primary group is a social group
characterized by face-to-face contact and
strong emotional ties among its members.
Families are key example.
6. Other Agents of Socialization
School
Has a mandate to socialize children to societal
norms
Functionalists indicate schools fulfill function of
socialization leading to social cohesion
Conflict theorists suggest schools reinforce
divisive aspects of social classes (e.g. Teachers
praising boys may reinforce sexist attitudes)
7. Other Agents of Socialization (cont)
Media
Example: Television
Peer Groups
Workplaces
Religion
8. Social Interactions
Everyday events in which at least two
people communicate and respond through
language and symbolic gestures to affect
one another’s behavior and thinking.
9. Context and Content
When sociologists study social interaction,
they seek to understand and explain the
forces of context and content.
10. Context
The larger historical circumstances and
social forces that bring people together for
social interaction.
11. Content
The cultural frameworks (norms, values,
beliefs, material culture) that guide social
interactions, specifically behavior dialogue,
and interpretations of events.
12. Social Status
Social status A position in a social
structure.
Social structure Two or more people
occupying social statuses and enacting
roles.
13. Social Roles
A role is the behavior expected of a status
in relationship to another status.
People occupy statuses but they enact
roles.
A role set is an array of roles.
14. Rights and Obligations
Role expectations include both rights and
obligations.
Rights are the behaviors that a person
assuming a role can demand or expect
from others.
Obligations are the relationship and
behavior that the person enacting a role
must assume toward others in a particular
status.
15. Role Strain and Conflict
Role strain is a predicament in which
contradictory or conflicting expectations are
associated with a single role that a person
is enacting.
Role conflict is a predicament in which the
expectations associated with two or more
roles in a role set contradict one another.
16. The Dramaturgical Model
A model in which social interaction is
viewed as though it were theater, people as
though they were actors, and roles as
though they were performances presented
before an audience in a particular setting.
17. Impression Management
The process by which people in social
situations manage the setting and their
dress, words, and gestures to correspond
to the impressions they are trying to make
or the image they are trying to project.
18. Staging Behavior
The division between front stage and back
stage is found in nearly every social setting.
19. Front Stage
The region where people take care to
create an maintain the images and
behavior an audience has come to expect.
20. Back Stage
The region out of an audience’s sight
where individuals can do things that would
be inappropriate or unexpected on the front
stage.
22. The last of Piaget’s cognitive
developmental stages is:
a b c d
25% 25%
25%
25%
a) Sensorimotor
b) Preoperational
c) Concrete operational
d) Formal operational
23. Answer: d
The formal operational stage is the last of
the cognitive developmental stages that
Piaget defined.
24. If you are viewing social interactions as
though they were theater, you are practicing:
a b c d
25% 25%
25%
25%
a) Attribution Theory
b) Dramaturgical Model
c) Solidarity
d) Role Strain
25. Answer: b
If you are viewing social interactions as
though they were theater, you are
practicing the Dramaturgical Model.
26. Role expectations are socially prescribed and
include both:
a b c d
25% 25%
25%
25%
a) front and back stage
behavior
b) conflict and strain
c) rights and obligations
d) context and content
27. Answer: c
Role expectations are socially prescribed
and include both rights and obligations.
28. The process of discarding values and
behaviors and replacing them with more
appropriate values and norms is:
a b c d
25% 25%
25%
25%
a) socialization
b) self-development
c) role-taking
d) resocialization
29. Answer: d
Resocialization is the process of
discarding values and behaviors and
replacing them with more appropriate
values and norms.
30. Which stage of role-taking teaches
children to follow rules?
a b c d
25% 25%
25%
25%
a) preparatory
b) play
c) games
d) preoperational
31. Answer: c
The games stage of role-taking teaches
children to follow rules.
