5. البرمجة لغات(Programming Languages:)
التساؤل لغات(Query Languages:)
اوامر لغات(Command-Oriented Query Languages:)
PRINT NAME,ADDRESS OF STUDENT WITH BIRTHDATE BETWEEN “10-OCT-82” AND
“6-JAN-90” ORDER BY NAME DESCENDING.
UPDATE STUDENT SET AVERAGE = AVERAGE *1.05
الجاهزة العرض لغات(Screen-Oriented Query Languages:)
باالمثلة التساؤل لغات((QBE)Qeury-By-Example.)
البيانات معالجة
Data Manipulation
AbdulRahman M.Baraka
6. Select Statement:
SELECT DISTINCT Attributes
FROM Table
WHERE Conditions
ORDER BY DESC
--------------------------------------
Select * FROM Student
SELECT Sname FROM Student
SELECT SID,Sname FROM Student.
SELECT Sname FROM Student WHERE Age<20
Structure Query Language SQL
SID Sname Rate Age
0102 Ali 8 18
0106 Khalid 7 19
0107 Mona 9 20
Student
Sname
Ali
Khalid
Mona
Result
SID Sname
0102 Ali
0106 Khalid
0107 Mona
Sname
Ali
Khalid
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15. القسمة(Division()/:)
R1 / R2:
قيم(R1)قيم جميع تحتوي التي(R2.)
ف الموجودة الخصائص على الجديدة العالقة تحتويي
(R1)في موجودة وغير(R2.)
العالئقي الجبر
Relational Algebra
Car Mobile
Nissan Nokia
Toyota Samsung
Fname Car Mobile
Ali Toyota Nokia
Khalid Nissan Nokia
Mona Toyota Samsung
Ali Nissan Samsung
Mona Toyota Siemens
Ali Toyota Siemens
R1
R2 R1 /R2
Fname
Ali
AbdulRahman M.Baraka
24. NOT
AND
العالئقي الجبر
Relational Algebra
P ~P
T F
F T
P q p∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
AbdulRahman M.Baraka
25. OR
Implication
العالئقي الجبر
Relational Algebra
P q p∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
P q p→q (~p∨q)
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
AbdulRahman M.Baraka
26. Equivalence
السابقة العمليات تطبيق يمكن:
الصفوف(Tuples.)
المجال(Domain.)
العالئقي الجبر
Relational Algebra
P q pq
( (pq) ∧ (pq) )
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
AbdulRahman M.Baraka
31. Examples
Loan ( loan-number, branch-name, amount)
Depositor (customer-name, account-number)
Borrower (customer-name, loan-number)
****************************************
Find the loan-number, branch-name, and amount for loans of over $1200.
{ t | t loan ^ t[amount] > 1200 }
Find the names of all customers having a loan, an account, or both at the
bank.
{t | s borrower( t[customer-name] = s[customer-name])
u depositor( t[customer-name] = u[customer-name])
Find the names of all customers having a loan at the Perryridge branch
{t | s borrower(t[customer-name] = s[customer-name]
u loan(u[branch-name] = “Perryridg u[loan-number] = s[loan-
number]))}
AbdulRahman M.Baraka
35. Examples
Loan ( loan-number, branch-name, amount)
Depositor (customer-name, account-number)
Borrower (customer-name, loan-number)
****************************************
Find the loan-number, branch-name, and amount for loans of over $1200.
{ < l, b, a > | < l, b, a > loan ^ a > 1200 }
Find all loan numbers for loans with an amount greater than $1200.
{< l > | b, a ( < l, b, a > loan ^ a > 1200 )
Find the names of all customers who have a loan from the Perryridge branch
and find the loan amount:
{ < c, a > | l ( <c, l> borrower ^ b ( < l, b, a > loan ^ b = “ Perryridge” ) ) }
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36. X -> Y -> Z
بربط العالقة حذف يمكن(x)مع(z)طريق عن(y.)تغيير عدم بشرط وذلك
المعنى.
التصميم معايير
X
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37. جعالقة من اكثر مع( :المكررة العالقات حذف يتم)
التصميم معايير
B A C
D
B
C
D
B A C
D
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