School Governance of Nepal

1. School Governance at Federal, State and Local levels in Nepal
BY
Dhangadhi Group (Hikmat, Khagendra, Shankar, Prem, and Amba)
Nepal Open University
M. Phil. 2nd Semester
To
M. Phil. Virtual Class
Education Studies Group (Governance and Accountability)
Facilitated by: Dr. Jiban Khadka
Date: 05 May, 2020

2. Presentation Outlines
• Constitutional Provision
• Educational Structure of Nepal
• Concept of School Governance
• Education as a Fundamental Right
• Polices of the State
• Power Division
• Basic Aspects of School Good Governance
• Federal Structure of Education
• Roles and functions of federal governance
• Educational Structure of State
• Roles and functions of provincial
governance
• Educational Structure of Local Government
• Roles and functions of local governance
• Roles and Responsibilities of School
• Challenges of Governance in Education
• References

3. Constitutional Provision
The Constitution of Nepal (2015) has declared the country the Federal
Democratic Republic with 7 states. It is further divided into 753 local levels
including 460 Rural Municipalities, 276 Municipalities, 11 Sub-metropolises, and
6 Metropolises. There are 77 districts in Nepal.
(CBS, 2019)

4. Concept of School Governance…
o School governance is a set of responsibilities, practices, policies, and procedures
exercised by an institution to provide strategic direction to ensure objectives are
achieved and resources are used responsibly and with accountability.
o Good governance practices support schools by helping them manage their
resources so they can deliver quality education
o Government decided to transfer the school management authority to the
community as a reform measure for school improvement.

5. Educational Structure of Nepal
 ECD / PPC: 3 years to 4 year age group children.
 Basic Education: Grade 1 to 8, 5 years to 12 year age group.
 Secondary Education: Grade 9 to 12, 13 years to 17 year age group (two years
program (10+2) in general education group and three years in TEVT Diploma Grade.
 Higher Education: (Bachelors (4 to 5) years duration, PGD (1 to 1.5) years
duration, Masters 2 years duration, M. Phil. (1 to 1.5) years duration, and Ph. D. (5 -
7) Years duration.
(MOEST, 2018)

6. Education as a Fundamental Right
(According to ‘The Constitution of Nepal 2015’)
 Special opportunity to women in education (Art. 38.5)
 Child right to education (Art. 39.2)
 Free education with scholarship up to higher education to Dalit students (Art. 40.2)
 Special provision for the Dalit in technical and vocational education (Art. 40.2)
 Special opportunities to indigent citizens in education (Art. 42.2)
 Prioritized opportunity in education to families of martyrs and disappeared, victims
of conflict
(Art.42.5)

7. Polices of the State
 To prepare human resources that are competent, competitive, ethical, and devoted to national
interests. [Art. 51 (h) 1]
 Making education scientific, technical, vocational, empirical, employment and people-
oriented. [Art. 51 (h) 1]
 To make service- oriented private sector in education. [Art. 51 (h) 2]
 Enhancing the State's investment in the education sector. [Art. 51 (h) 2]
 To make higher education easy, qualitative and accessible, and free gradually. [Art. 51 (h)
3]
 Providing special opportunity in areas including education to youths.
[Art. 51 (j) 7]

8. Power Division
Federal Power:
Central universities, central level academies, universities standards and regulation,
central libraries. {schedule 5 (15)}
 State Power:
State universities, higher education, libraries, museums. {schedule 6(8)}
 Concurrent Powers of Federation and State:
Scientific research, science and technology and human resources
Development. {schedule 7(22)}
 Local Level Power:
Basic and secondary education. {schedule 8(8)}

9. Basic Aspects of School Good Governance
1. Participatory Organizations
2. Participatory Planning, Management and Monitoring
3. Teacher and Staff Management
4. Resource Management
5. Monitoring
6. School Policy and Guidelines
7. Information Disclosure
8. Accountability

10. Federal Structure of Education
 Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology
o CTEVT (Counsel for Technical Education and Vocational Training)
o Examination Board
o CDC (Curriculum Development Centre)
o CEHRD (Centre for Education and Human Resource Development)
o TSC (Teacher Service Commission)
o ERO (Education Review Office)
 Education Development and Coordination Unit (शिक्षा शिकास तथा समन्िय एकाइ) in
District

11. Roles and functions of federal governance
o Policy, Planning, Rules and Regulation
o Planning of Human Resource
o National Curriculum Framework (Core Subject and Model Text book)
o Technical and Vocational Education
oTeacher Management
o National Standard of School level Exam.
o Coordination
o Affiliation and Accreditation
o Evaluation of Policy Implementation.
o Funding, Scholarship,
o Monitoring, Supervision, and Evolution
o Research and Educational Information Management …

12. Educational Structure of State
o Ministry of Social Development (सामाशिक शिकास मन्रालय)
o Educational Development Directorates (शिक्षा शिकास शिर्देििालय)
o Education Training Centre (शिक्षा ताशलम के न्र)

13. Roles and functions of provincial governance
o Implementation of National Policies, Programs
o Education Policy (State University, Higher Edu. Library, Museum …)
oTextbook Development
oTeacher’s Training, Research
o Scholarship for Higher Education
o Support to Higher Educational Institutions.
o Coordination (Federal, Local Government, and Other stakeholders)

14. Educational Structure of Local Government
 Education and Sports Section
Education Committee
 School
 PTA
 SMC
 School Administration and Teacher Staffs

15. Roles and functions of local governance
Local Government Operational Act 2074, (स्थािीय सरकार सञ्चालि ऐि २०७४) mention the
different 23 functions related to basic and secondary education as;
o Policy, Planning, Law, Criteria, Implementation, Regulation, and Evaluation for
ECD, Parent, Informal, Special, and Basic Education…
o Monitoring School’s Activities
o Teacher, staff, Resource, and Record Management
o Administrative arrangements
o Formation of Education Committee, and SMC
o Management and Conduct Basic Education Examination.
o Scholarship, Free Education, ECA, and Incentive Programs
o Monitoring and Regulation grand supported to Schools

16. Roles and Responsibilities of School
SMC, PTA, HT, Administrative Staffs, Teaches, and Students have Significant roles in
good governance of school.
Roles of SMC
oManaging, monitoring, planning, policy formulation, infrastructure development,
approval of annual program and budget, keeping record of physical assets update of
educational, financial information, formation of PTA, annul audit
Roles of PTA
o Monitoring, Supervision, Social audit, interaction among teacher, student, and
parent, advisory role for SMC
Roles of HT
o Leadership, coordinator, facilitator, motivator, implementer, evaluator, planar,
researcher, administrator.

17. Challenges of Governance in Education
 Ambiguity in education policy
 Overlapping role and responsibility among government
 Conflict between bureaucrat and politician
 Lack of skilled Human resources, technical, financial resources
 Lack of coordination among three level of governments
 Political biases, nepotism, and favoritism
 Lack of regular social audit, transparency, and accountability

18. References
 CBS. (2019). Central Bureau of Statistics Jakarta. www.cbs.gov.np
 Lewis, M., & Pettersson, G. (2012). Governance in Education: Raising Performance. SSRN
Electronic Journal, December. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1992404
 MOEST. (2018). Education Information. www.moe.gov.np
 Rijal, M. (2014). Education In Federalism. The Rising Nepal. Gorkhapatraonline.com
 MOE, N. (2016). School Sector Development Plan (Issue October). www.moe.gov.np
 Nepal Ministry of Education. (2015). School Sector Reform Plan. August 2009, 1–92.
 Parajuli, D. R., & Das, T. (2013). Performance Of Community Schools In Nepal: A Macro Level
Analysis. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2(7), 148–154.