This presentation covers the topic of project identification and project selection. It sheds light on the meaning of the project, meaning of project identification, classification of projects, types of opportunities, dimensions of project identification, criteria for project selection and constraints involved in project selection. Enjoy learning!
The document discusses the process of project formulation, which involves systematically developing and investigating project ideas to determine if they should be invested in. It involves experts from various fields conducting feasibility analyses from technical, market, financial, and social perspectives. If the analyses show a project is feasible, a detailed project report is created that serves as the work plan for implementation and helps obtain necessary approvals and funding. Project formulation helps decide whether to accept or reject a project idea before significant resources are invested.
The document discusses various concepts related to project identification and management. It defines project management as the application of knowledge, skills, and tools to meet stakeholder needs and expectations. Project identification is the process of assessing project ideas and selecting those with the highest priority. Some tools used in project identification include situational analysis, SWOT analysis, problem and opportunity studies, and resource analysis. Situational analysis involves understanding how a company relates to its external environment. SWOT analysis is used to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Problem and opportunity studies aim to identify favorable positions or areas for advancement. Resource analysis examines a firm's tangible and intangible assets.
Project appraisal involves a pre-investment analysis of a project to determine its overall feasibility and investment worthiness. It comprehensively assesses all aspects of a project, including market appraisal, technical appraisal, financial appraisal, socio-economic appraisal, and ecological appraisal. These analyses help decision makers evaluate a project's demand potential, technical viability, costs and benefits to society, environmental impacts, and financial viability to determine if the project should be implemented. While project appraisal provides useful information, its conclusions depend on the quality of data and there is uncertainty about predicting future conditions.
This document discusses the classification and identification of projects. It defines a project as a scientifically planned work scheme to achieve specific objectives within a set time period. Projects are classified in several ways, including whether their benefits are quantifiable, the sector they fall under, their use of resources, and the institution financing them. Identifying projects involves collecting economic data to find investment opportunities in utilizing existing resources better, complementing current operations, or fundamentally changing a business. Project objectives must be specific, measurable, realistic, consistent with resources, and aim to complete the project on time and within budget while earning a profit. Both economic and social objectives are important to consider.
A presentation on project formulation submitted at the college level. Data is gathered from different websites including SlideShare itself and book on Entrepreneurship Development Program by S.P.Sukhija and Sangam Kapoor.
This document discusses project identification and selection as the first steps in setting up an enterprise. It defines a project as a work plan to achieve a specific objective within a time period. Projects are classified by quantifiability, sector, and techno-economic characteristics. The two main steps of project selection are project identification and project selection. Project identification involves generating ideas from internal and external sources. Project selection analyzes each idea's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and selects the most promising project to convert into an enterprise.
This document discusses techniques for project appraisal. It outlines key issues to consider in appraising projects such as need, objectives, options, costs, benefits, risks and sustainability. It also describes various analyses used in appraisal, including technical, economic, financial, environmental and social analyses. The main techniques of economic analysis are cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis and multi-criteria analysis. Financial analysis determines funding requirements and expected returns. Common appraisal methods include undiscounted techniques like payback period as well as discounted techniques like net present value, internal rate of return and benefit-cost ratio.
This document discusses project identification and formulation. It outlines the five stages of a project cycle: identification, formulation, appraisal, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. Identification involves finding potential project ideas from various sources. Formulation includes conducting a feasibility study and market, technical, financial, and economic analyses. Appraisal involves an independent analysis of all project aspects. Implementation has pre-development, development, and operational phases. Monitoring and evaluation track project performance and identify lessons learned. The document also discusses generating project ideas, selecting opportunities, assessing viability through feasibility studies, and obtaining project financing through various capital sources.
The document discusses the process of project formulation, which involves systematically developing and investigating project ideas to determine if they should be invested in. It involves experts from various fields conducting feasibility analyses from technical, market, financial, and social perspectives. If the analyses show a project is feasible, a detailed project report is created that serves as the work plan for implementation and helps obtain necessary approvals and funding. Project formulation helps decide whether to accept or reject a project idea before significant resources are invested.
The document discusses various concepts related to project identification and management. It defines project management as the application of knowledge, skills, and tools to meet stakeholder needs and expectations. Project identification is the process of assessing project ideas and selecting those with the highest priority. Some tools used in project identification include situational analysis, SWOT analysis, problem and opportunity studies, and resource analysis. Situational analysis involves understanding how a company relates to its external environment. SWOT analysis is used to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Problem and opportunity studies aim to identify favorable positions or areas for advancement. Resource analysis examines a firm's tangible and intangible assets.
Project appraisal involves a pre-investment analysis of a project to determine its overall feasibility and investment worthiness. It comprehensively assesses all aspects of a project, including market appraisal, technical appraisal, financial appraisal, socio-economic appraisal, and ecological appraisal. These analyses help decision makers evaluate a project's demand potential, technical viability, costs and benefits to society, environmental impacts, and financial viability to determine if the project should be implemented. While project appraisal provides useful information, its conclusions depend on the quality of data and there is uncertainty about predicting future conditions.
This document discusses the classification and identification of projects. It defines a project as a scientifically planned work scheme to achieve specific objectives within a set time period. Projects are classified in several ways, including whether their benefits are quantifiable, the sector they fall under, their use of resources, and the institution financing them. Identifying projects involves collecting economic data to find investment opportunities in utilizing existing resources better, complementing current operations, or fundamentally changing a business. Project objectives must be specific, measurable, realistic, consistent with resources, and aim to complete the project on time and within budget while earning a profit. Both economic and social objectives are important to consider.
A presentation on project formulation submitted at the college level. Data is gathered from different websites including SlideShare itself and book on Entrepreneurship Development Program by S.P.Sukhija and Sangam Kapoor.
This document discusses project identification and selection as the first steps in setting up an enterprise. It defines a project as a work plan to achieve a specific objective within a time period. Projects are classified by quantifiability, sector, and techno-economic characteristics. The two main steps of project selection are project identification and project selection. Project identification involves generating ideas from internal and external sources. Project selection analyzes each idea's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and selects the most promising project to convert into an enterprise.
This document discusses techniques for project appraisal. It outlines key issues to consider in appraising projects such as need, objectives, options, costs, benefits, risks and sustainability. It also describes various analyses used in appraisal, including technical, economic, financial, environmental and social analyses. The main techniques of economic analysis are cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis and multi-criteria analysis. Financial analysis determines funding requirements and expected returns. Common appraisal methods include undiscounted techniques like payback period as well as discounted techniques like net present value, internal rate of return and benefit-cost ratio.
This document discusses project identification and formulation. It outlines the five stages of a project cycle: identification, formulation, appraisal, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. Identification involves finding potential project ideas from various sources. Formulation includes conducting a feasibility study and market, technical, financial, and economic analyses. Appraisal involves an independent analysis of all project aspects. Implementation has pre-development, development, and operational phases. Monitoring and evaluation track project performance and identify lessons learned. The document also discusses generating project ideas, selecting opportunities, assessing viability through feasibility studies, and obtaining project financing through various capital sources.
Project appraisal involves a critical examination of all aspects of a proposed project to analyze prospective costs and benefits and determine if committing resources is desirable. It is carried out through internal and external appraisal and considers social, economic, environmental, financial, administrative, commercial, and technical aspects. The appraisal process involves preliminary steps like reviewing documents for completeness and accuracy before analyzing aspects in detail to evaluate a project's viability.
This document outlines the process of generating and screening project ideas. It discusses monitoring the external environment, evaluating corporate strengths and weaknesses, and using tools like Porter's five forces model to identify investment opportunities. Potential project ideas are scouted from various sources and given a preliminary screening based on factors like market potential and costs. Projects are then rated using an index calculated from weighted factors to determine which ideas warrant further evaluation. The sources of positive net present value that make projects profitable are also discussed.
This document summarizes market and demand analysis techniques. It describes conducting market surveys to characterize the market and forecast demand. Key steps include defining the target population, developing questionnaires, and analyzing collected information. Situational analysis involves talking to customers, competitors and others to understand the market. Demand forecasting methods are described, including qualitative jury methods, time series projection using trends or averages, and causal methods relating demand to economic indicators. Uncertainties in forecasting include data limitations, unrealistic assumptions, and inability to account for changes in technology, policy or the environment.
The document provides guidance on project formulation and feasibility reports. It discusses the stages of project formulation including conception, analysis of related aspects, formulation, and design. It outlines the sequential stages of project formulation including feasibility analysis, techno-economic analysis, project design, input analysis, financial analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and pre-investment analysis. The document also discusses the meaning, scope, contents and significance of feasibility reports and provides Planning Commission guidelines for preparing feasibility reports.
This document discusses the preparation and importance of project reports. It defines a project and outlines the key steps in project identification, selection, and preparation of a project report. These include identifying potential opportunities, evaluating ideas based on factors like size, location, technology, and marketing, and developing a comprehensive project report that covers technical, financial, production, and risk aspects of the proposed project. Conducting proper feasibility analysis and appraisal is important to determine if the project is viable and ensure successful implementation.
Project appraisal is a process that examines various aspects of a proposed project to determine its viability. It is conducted at two stages: when a project is identified by a firm, and when financial institutions consider financing the project. Project appraisal aims to increase project quality, enhance long-term profitability, and minimize risk. Aspects examined include economic, financial, market, technical, managerial, social, and ecological factors.
The document discusses technical and commercial project appraisal. It defines project appraisal as assessing a project's economic, social and financial viability. Technical appraisal involves an in-depth review of all technical aspects like location, manufacturing process, infrastructure needs. Commercial appraisal establishes if a project will be viable based on market demand projections, marketing strategies, and ability to cover costs and generate acceptable returns. Key factors of both appraisals include raw material supplies, transportation, power, water, demand forecasting techniques, and distribution networks.
This presentation was submitted to RNB Global University for the partial fulfillment of BBA by Gautam Chopra & Chaman. Different Forms of Project Organization including 4 types
Functional Organization, Divisional Organization, Matrix Organization, & Projectized Organization
This document outlines the key aspects of a technical analysis for a project, including 8 areas of focus: 1) material inputs and utilities, 2) manufacturing process/technology, 3) product mix, 4) plant capacity, 5) location and site, 6) machineries and equipment, 7) structures and civil works, and 8) project charts and layouts. Each aspect is concerned with specific factors like defining material requirements, choosing an appropriate technology, determining production capacity, selecting a site, and developing project charts and layouts. The technical analysis will help define the project scope and provide a basis for detailed engineering and cost estimation.
Project appraisal is the evaluation of a project's ability to succeed after a feasibility study. It examines key aspects like technical requirements, economic and financial impacts, the market, management, and environmental issues. The appraisal answers whether the project will meet objectives and how it compares to other options. Technical analysis evaluates raw materials, power, and transportation. Economic appraisal considers benefits to the overall economy. Market appraisal assesses demand, revenue, competition and customer satisfaction. Environmental appraisal identifies impacts and restoration measures. Financial appraisal focuses on costs, financing, profitability, and investment worth.
This document summarizes the key steps and considerations for conducting a market feasibility study for a new product or project. It outlines that a market feasibility study involves estimating the potential market size, understanding patterns of consumption, studying competitors and consumer behavior. Key steps include collecting secondary data, conducting primary market research surveys, characterizing the market based on findings, forecasting demand, and developing a market plan covering product, price, place and promotion. The document provides details on approaches for each of these steps in planning and analyzing market feasibility.
The presentation talks about why is it necessary to carry out Financial appraisal and the different methods to analyse it. It also discusses the steps involved in a financial appraisal of a project.
The document outlines an entrepreneurial development programme (EDP). It defines an EDP as a programme aimed at developing entrepreneurial abilities and skills needed to establish and successfully run an enterprise. The document discusses the needs and objectives of an EDP, which include superior entrepreneur performance, motivating prospective entrepreneurs, and developing entrepreneurial qualities and managerial skills. It also describes the phases of an EDP as pre-training, training, and post-training follow up phases. The training phase aims to bring behavioral changes in trainees, while the post-training phase involves program evaluation.
The document discusses project planning and control. It covers what a project plan is, who is responsible for planning, and the benefits of planning. It then describes the key elements of a plan and the four-stage planning process: 1) defining scope and responsibilities, 2) scheduling and time/resource analysis, 3) cost estimating and budgeting, and 4) risk analysis and response planning. The objectives of monitoring and control are also covered.
The document discusses the process of project identification and selection. It explains that project identification involves identifying potential solutions to problems based on various factors. There are usually multiple possible solutions, so project identification is about exploring the different alternatives. The key steps in project identification and selection are identifying objectives, conducting a SWOT analysis to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, brainstorming alternative solutions, and screening ideas against criteria such as costs, risks, and returns.
A project is defined as a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. Network analysis techniques like the Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) are used to plan and schedule complex projects. These methods involve identifying all activities, their durations, and logical relationships to construct a network diagram. The critical path is then determined by calculating the longest path of linked activities from start to finish, which must be carefully managed to ensure on-time project completion.
Project: definition, types and importance, phases of the project,
project identification, sources of idea generation, selection,
feasibility studies, formulation and project report, appraisal,
implementation, evaluation, and control.
Setting up a small business enterprise: identifying the business
opportunity- the importance of creativity, opportunities in various
sectors, stages for setting up of a small enterprise, Concept of
elevator pitch.
Business plan: meaning, Objectives, preparation.
1. The document discusses the process of generating and screening project ideas, which begins with analyzing the economy and conducting surveys to identify potential ideas. SWOT analysis, clear objectives, and fostering innovation can help stimulate new ideas.
2. Potential ideas are then screened through preliminary evaluation based on factors like compatibility with promoters, government priorities, market availability, costs, and risk levels. Projects can be rated using a rating index to evaluate multiple factors.
3. Successful projects tend to have advantages like economies of scale, product differentiation, cost advantages, marketing reach, technology edge, or supportive government policies. Qualities of successful entrepreneurs are also discussed.
Project appraisal involves a critical examination of all aspects of a proposed project to analyze prospective costs and benefits and determine if committing resources is desirable. It is carried out through internal and external appraisal and considers social, economic, environmental, financial, administrative, commercial, and technical aspects. The appraisal process involves preliminary steps like reviewing documents for completeness and accuracy before analyzing aspects in detail to evaluate a project's viability.
This document outlines the process of generating and screening project ideas. It discusses monitoring the external environment, evaluating corporate strengths and weaknesses, and using tools like Porter's five forces model to identify investment opportunities. Potential project ideas are scouted from various sources and given a preliminary screening based on factors like market potential and costs. Projects are then rated using an index calculated from weighted factors to determine which ideas warrant further evaluation. The sources of positive net present value that make projects profitable are also discussed.
This document summarizes market and demand analysis techniques. It describes conducting market surveys to characterize the market and forecast demand. Key steps include defining the target population, developing questionnaires, and analyzing collected information. Situational analysis involves talking to customers, competitors and others to understand the market. Demand forecasting methods are described, including qualitative jury methods, time series projection using trends or averages, and causal methods relating demand to economic indicators. Uncertainties in forecasting include data limitations, unrealistic assumptions, and inability to account for changes in technology, policy or the environment.
The document provides guidance on project formulation and feasibility reports. It discusses the stages of project formulation including conception, analysis of related aspects, formulation, and design. It outlines the sequential stages of project formulation including feasibility analysis, techno-economic analysis, project design, input analysis, financial analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and pre-investment analysis. The document also discusses the meaning, scope, contents and significance of feasibility reports and provides Planning Commission guidelines for preparing feasibility reports.
This document discusses the preparation and importance of project reports. It defines a project and outlines the key steps in project identification, selection, and preparation of a project report. These include identifying potential opportunities, evaluating ideas based on factors like size, location, technology, and marketing, and developing a comprehensive project report that covers technical, financial, production, and risk aspects of the proposed project. Conducting proper feasibility analysis and appraisal is important to determine if the project is viable and ensure successful implementation.
Project appraisal is a process that examines various aspects of a proposed project to determine its viability. It is conducted at two stages: when a project is identified by a firm, and when financial institutions consider financing the project. Project appraisal aims to increase project quality, enhance long-term profitability, and minimize risk. Aspects examined include economic, financial, market, technical, managerial, social, and ecological factors.
The document discusses technical and commercial project appraisal. It defines project appraisal as assessing a project's economic, social and financial viability. Technical appraisal involves an in-depth review of all technical aspects like location, manufacturing process, infrastructure needs. Commercial appraisal establishes if a project will be viable based on market demand projections, marketing strategies, and ability to cover costs and generate acceptable returns. Key factors of both appraisals include raw material supplies, transportation, power, water, demand forecasting techniques, and distribution networks.
This presentation was submitted to RNB Global University for the partial fulfillment of BBA by Gautam Chopra & Chaman. Different Forms of Project Organization including 4 types
Functional Organization, Divisional Organization, Matrix Organization, & Projectized Organization
This document outlines the key aspects of a technical analysis for a project, including 8 areas of focus: 1) material inputs and utilities, 2) manufacturing process/technology, 3) product mix, 4) plant capacity, 5) location and site, 6) machineries and equipment, 7) structures and civil works, and 8) project charts and layouts. Each aspect is concerned with specific factors like defining material requirements, choosing an appropriate technology, determining production capacity, selecting a site, and developing project charts and layouts. The technical analysis will help define the project scope and provide a basis for detailed engineering and cost estimation.
Project appraisal is the evaluation of a project's ability to succeed after a feasibility study. It examines key aspects like technical requirements, economic and financial impacts, the market, management, and environmental issues. The appraisal answers whether the project will meet objectives and how it compares to other options. Technical analysis evaluates raw materials, power, and transportation. Economic appraisal considers benefits to the overall economy. Market appraisal assesses demand, revenue, competition and customer satisfaction. Environmental appraisal identifies impacts and restoration measures. Financial appraisal focuses on costs, financing, profitability, and investment worth.
This document summarizes the key steps and considerations for conducting a market feasibility study for a new product or project. It outlines that a market feasibility study involves estimating the potential market size, understanding patterns of consumption, studying competitors and consumer behavior. Key steps include collecting secondary data, conducting primary market research surveys, characterizing the market based on findings, forecasting demand, and developing a market plan covering product, price, place and promotion. The document provides details on approaches for each of these steps in planning and analyzing market feasibility.
The presentation talks about why is it necessary to carry out Financial appraisal and the different methods to analyse it. It also discusses the steps involved in a financial appraisal of a project.
The document outlines an entrepreneurial development programme (EDP). It defines an EDP as a programme aimed at developing entrepreneurial abilities and skills needed to establish and successfully run an enterprise. The document discusses the needs and objectives of an EDP, which include superior entrepreneur performance, motivating prospective entrepreneurs, and developing entrepreneurial qualities and managerial skills. It also describes the phases of an EDP as pre-training, training, and post-training follow up phases. The training phase aims to bring behavioral changes in trainees, while the post-training phase involves program evaluation.
The document discusses project planning and control. It covers what a project plan is, who is responsible for planning, and the benefits of planning. It then describes the key elements of a plan and the four-stage planning process: 1) defining scope and responsibilities, 2) scheduling and time/resource analysis, 3) cost estimating and budgeting, and 4) risk analysis and response planning. The objectives of monitoring and control are also covered.
The document discusses the process of project identification and selection. It explains that project identification involves identifying potential solutions to problems based on various factors. There are usually multiple possible solutions, so project identification is about exploring the different alternatives. The key steps in project identification and selection are identifying objectives, conducting a SWOT analysis to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, brainstorming alternative solutions, and screening ideas against criteria such as costs, risks, and returns.
A project is defined as a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. Network analysis techniques like the Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) are used to plan and schedule complex projects. These methods involve identifying all activities, their durations, and logical relationships to construct a network diagram. The critical path is then determined by calculating the longest path of linked activities from start to finish, which must be carefully managed to ensure on-time project completion.
Project: definition, types and importance, phases of the project,
project identification, sources of idea generation, selection,
feasibility studies, formulation and project report, appraisal,
implementation, evaluation, and control.
Setting up a small business enterprise: identifying the business
opportunity- the importance of creativity, opportunities in various
sectors, stages for setting up of a small enterprise, Concept of
elevator pitch.
Business plan: meaning, Objectives, preparation.
1. The document discusses the process of generating and screening project ideas, which begins with analyzing the economy and conducting surveys to identify potential ideas. SWOT analysis, clear objectives, and fostering innovation can help stimulate new ideas.
2. Potential ideas are then screened through preliminary evaluation based on factors like compatibility with promoters, government priorities, market availability, costs, and risk levels. Projects can be rated using a rating index to evaluate multiple factors.
3. Successful projects tend to have advantages like economies of scale, product differentiation, cost advantages, marketing reach, technology edge, or supportive government policies. Qualities of successful entrepreneurs are also discussed.
The document discusses various aspects of project appraisal, including market appraisal, technical appraisal, financial appraisal, and economic appraisal. It provides details on steps involved in market and demand analysis, sources of secondary information for feasibility studies, and how to determine a project rating index. Key aspects covered include analyzing aggregate future demand, competition, and pricing options for market appraisal, and evaluating costs, profitability, and risk for financial appraisal.
The document discusses various aspects of project appraisal, including market appraisal, technical appraisal, financial appraisal, and economic appraisal. It covers topics such as the information required for market analysis, demand forecasting, assessing materials and equipment needs, cost projections, and measuring the costs and benefits of a project. Market appraisal considers factors like future demand, market share, competition, location, and technological changes.
This document discusses the process of project identification and selection. It begins by explaining the importance of understanding the operating environment and identifying emerging opportunities when choosing a project. Project ideas can come from various sources, including friends/relatives, technology developments, market research, and more. A screening process then evaluates ideas based on factors like compatibility, market viability, and costs to select viable projects. Effective project identification involves understanding local needs, resources, and priorities through surveys. Existing companies should also conduct a SWOT analysis to identify new project opportunities based on their internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. The overall goal of project identification is to select feasible, promising projects through thorough research and analysis.
ED chapter 3- by Dr.K.G.Raja Sabarish Babu, Assistant Professor, Research Dep...BBAsourashtracollege
This document provides information on project identification and classification. It defines a project and discusses how projects can be classified in different ways, including by sector, quantifiability, factor intensity, causation, and magnitude. It also outlines the typical stages in a project lifecycle from pre-investment to construction to normalization. Key components of a project report are identified, including general information, project description, market potential, capital costs, working capital assessment, and financial considerations.
Entrepreneurship Prepration of Project report.pptRenuLamba8
The document discusses the importance of preparing a project report before setting up an enterprise. It explains that a project report helps an entrepreneur systematically evaluate the viability, profitability, and key parameters of a business idea. The project report acts as a roadmap and is necessary for obtaining financial assistance from banks. It educates the entrepreneur about industry, market, technology, risks and success factors. A well-prepared project report allows entrepreneurs to objectively analyze their business proposal and identify potential weaknesses or unrealistic assumptions. The document outlines the typical contents of a comprehensive project report, including general information, market survey, technical aspects, management plan, financial projections and risk analysis.
This document discusses project management and monitoring the business environment. It outlines six sectors to monitor: economic, government, technological, socio-demographic, competition, and supplier. When screening project ideas, factors to consider include compatibility with the promoter, consistency with government priorities, availability of inputs, adequacy of the market, reasonableness of cost, acceptability of risk level, and eliminating ideas that are technically unsound, have no market, inadequate inputs, or are too costly. Environmental monitoring refers to observing an environment, characterizing its quality, and establishing parameters to quantify an activity's impact in a risk assessment report.
The document discusses various aspects of conducting feasibility studies for sound industrial development projects in underdeveloped countries. It addresses (1) identifying potential investment opportunities through studying imports, local materials, available skills etc., (2) criteria for evaluating projects based on factors like employment generation, foreign exchange benefits, and commercial viability, and (3) key considerations in technical, economic, and market feasibility studies like availability of inputs, production technology, demand forecasting and market analysis.
Financial & Economic Evaluation of projectsamanideutsch
The document discusses an economic analysis of a proposed health project in Cambodia. It begins by defining economic analysis and outlining the key steps: defining objectives and alternatives, forecasting demand, choosing the least-cost option, conducting benefit-cost analysis, assessing sustainability, and distributional effects. It then provides details of applying these steps to the Cambodia health project, finding that contracting out services was the most cost-effective approach and would improve access to healthcare for millions of Cambodians, especially the poor and rural populations, in a financially sustainable manner.
Sapient Services specializes in Techno-Economic Viability (TEV), providing invaluable insights for businesses navigating technological initiatives. Our seasoned professionals conduct thorough analyses, considering costs, benefits, and risks to ensure the economic viability of technology projects. With a commitment to strategic decision-making, Sapient Services empowers businesses to align technological investments with financial goals. Trust us to guide your organization towards sound and economically viable technological solutions
The document discusses methods for choosing innovation projects. It explores both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative methods include discounted cash flow analysis using net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). These methods convert projects into estimates of future cash flows. Qualitative methods provide non-numerical evaluations. The document also discusses using a fixed development budget to choose projects, and the concept of real options which values flexibility in investment decisions.
This document outlines the course outline and content for a Building Economics II module at the University of Rwanda's College of Science and Technology. The key topics covered include feasibility studies, financial appraisal methods, cost control, valuation, and financial mathematics for property development. Specific topics within these areas include different types of feasibility studies and appraisal methods, the purpose and importance of cost control, definitions of economic terms, and calculations for present value, interest, and compound interest as they relate to property development. The course is intended to teach students concepts and techniques for evaluating the economic viability and costs of construction and development projects.
Entpreneurial Management (EM04_02 ) starting up a small scale industry - 2Suhas Dutta
This is part of a course that I taught at the Bangalore University last spring - on Entrepreneurial Management. Decks EM04_01 -4 are on starting a small scale industry and on pre-startup processes for small scale industries in India
The document discusses methods for evaluating innovation projects. It first mentions that developing new products is expensive and risky, so firms must carefully choose which projects to invest in. It then outlines several quantitative and qualitative methods used to evaluate projects, including capital rationing, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and real options analysis. Quantitative methods convert projects into estimated cash flows, but the estimates are only as reliable as the original predictions. Qualitative methods provide alternatives when quantitative predictions are difficult.
The document discusses the process of preparing a project report for a new business venture. It explains that a project report involves identifying the project, conducting feasibility studies to analyze market opportunities and financial viability, and formulating a plan covering business operations, management, finances, and timeline. A well-prepared project report serves as a roadmap for successfully implementing the new project.
This document discusses financial feasibility analysis for investment projects. It defines financial feasibility analysis as an analytical tool used to evaluate the viability of an investment by examining expected return and risk. The document outlines factors considered in a financial feasibility analysis such as total capital requirements, equity and credit needs, and cost and revenue budgets. It also distinguishes between feasibility studies and business plans, noting that feasibility studies determine viability while business plans plan implementation. The document describes methods of evaluating projects including discounted and non-discounted criteria such as net present value, internal rate of return, payback period, and accounting rate of return.
This document discusses methods for choosing innovation projects. It explores quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods. Quantitative methods include discounted cash flow analysis using net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) calculations. Many firms use capital rationing, setting a fixed R&D budget based on a percentage of previous sales. Qualitative factors are also important given uncertainty in forecasting new projects. Combining quantitative and qualitative techniques can provide a more holistic evaluation.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. MEANING OF A PROJECT
oA project is an envisioned workplan devised by the entrepreneur or
the top level management for the start or initiation of a new business
venture.
oThe project typically consists of a specified set of objectives to be
achieved within a specified period of time.
oIt contains all the details about the project/venture including its
expected outcomes and anticipated profits. It is the job of every
entrepreneur to find such promising project ideas.
oThe identification of opportunities for project investments requires
an understanding of the environment in which one operates,
sensitivity to emerging investment possibilities, imaginative analysis
of tangible and intangible factors and also an element of luck.
3. MEANING OF PROJECT
IDENTIFICATION
o Project identification is the first step of a new venture. It is therefore
very crucial to entrepreneurs to identify projects.
oAn entrepreneur has an infinitely wide choice with respect to this
project. The important dimensions of choice are: product/service,
market, technology, equipment, scale of production, location,
incentives, and time phasing.
oThe task of identifying a feasible and promising project is somewhat
difficult. Moreover, it is interrelated with the government policies,
infrastructural development and skills of the people.
oProject identification is concerned with collection, compilation, and
analysis of economic data for the eventual purpose of locating
possible opportunities for investment and with the development of
such opportunities.
4. TYPES OF OPPORTUNITIES:
oOpportunities according to Drucker are of three kinds which are as
follows:
oAdditive opportunity
oComplementary opportunity
oBreakthrough opportunity
oThis is explained as under:
oAdditive opportunities are those opportunities which enable the decision-maker to
better utilise the existing resources without in any way involving a change in the
character of the business. These opportunities involve minimum disturbance to the
existing state of affairs and hence the least amount of risk.
oComplementary opportunities involve the introduction of new ideas and as such do
lead to certain amount of change in the existing structure, hence there is a
considerable amount of risk.
oBreakthrough opportunities involve fundamental changes in both the structure and
character of the business. The element of risk in these opportunities are the
5. OBJECTIVES OF A PROJECT
oThe various objectives for the start of a particular project can be
stated as under:
oTo increase profit
oTo reduce losses
oTo become more competitive
oTo provide help after disaster
oTo train people in a new area
oTo create employment
oTo introduce innovation in the market
oTo improve the rural and backward areas
oTo reduce the level of imports
oTo encourage export oriented production in the country
oTo improve the standard of living of the people.
oTo alleviate poverty and improve welfare measures
6. CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECTS
oProjects can be classified in a number of ways depending upon the
nature, type, magnitude of resources and the cause of the project.
Some of the popular classifications of projects include:
oQuantifiable and non-quantifiable projects
oSectoral projects
oTechno-economic analysis
oFinancial Institutions
oThis is explained as under:
oQuantifiable and non-quantifiable projects: The projects in which a quantitative
analysis of costs, resources involved, level of investment deployed and benefits
derived from the project can be undertaken are called as quantifiable projects.
Projects for which such a quantifiable analysis of costs and benefits cannot be
performed are called as non-quantifiable projects.
7. oSectoral projects: Sectoral projects are those projects that can be classified on the
basis of the sector that it belongs to, such as follows:
o Agricultural & Allied
o Mining & Quarrying
o Industrial units
o Food, gas, water
o Electricity, power, petroleum
o Transport, trade and commerce
o Education and health
oTechno-economic analysis: Under this category, the projects can be classified into
three types:
o Demand based and raw material based: These are projects which are undertaken either on the basis of
market demand or because of the excess availability of the raw materials.
o Capital intensive & Labour intensive: These are projects undertaken on the basis of the type of inputs
used, whether it is capital oriented or labour oriented.
o Magnitude: On the basis of magnitude the projects can be classified as small scale, medium scale and
large scale enterprises.
oFinancial Institutions: On the basis projects are classified as follows:
o New projects
o Replacement projects
o Diversification projects
o Modernization projects
8. DIMENSIONS OF PROJECT
IDENTIFICATION
oAny project when going through the screening process is analysed in
terms of its efficiency with respect to three dimensions, namely:
oInput analysis
oOutput analysis
oCost & Benefit analysis
oLet us look into each dimension in detail:
oInput Analysis:
The input analysis is mainly concerned with the internal factors associated with the
project. These are more or less regarding the costs associated with venturing into a
new economic and creative opportunity. The following factors are analysed and
evaluated under input analysis:
oAvailability of sufficient factors of production.
oAvailability of sufficient amount of capital.
9. oAvailability of both skilled and unskilled labour.
oAbility to raise capital for the purpose of investment.
oNature and type of location for the venture.
oType and selection of the product or service.
oNature and size of the risk involved in the project.
oThe level of experience and expertise in the particular field/ industry under
consideration.
oThe amount of funds that can be invested into the project.
oEstimating all the hidden costs and expenditures involved in the project.
Thus the input analysis puts it into perspective how much a particular project
consumes in terms of implementation costs and the amount of risk involved in the
venture at different stages of the venture.
oOutput Analysis:
The next component is the output analysis, this analysis revolves around the
aftermath of the project implementation. Here the emphasis shifts from to “How to
execute a project ?” to “What can be expected from the implementation of the project
?”. This output analysis is a more result-oriented analysis as it considers the
estimation of output, expectation of profits to the firms and the returns to
shareholders. The following factors are considered in the output analysis:
oThe expected profits that can be generated from the project and the returns that
can be earned by the investors.
oThe reception of the product/service by the society and expected demand for the
commodity.
10. oA detailed analysis of market trends, the targeted segments of the population for
who the product is made, is considered under output analysis.
oAvailability of sufficient distribution channels and warehousing facilities of safe and
clean storage of output.
oMinimizing the loss incurred by the firm by optimizing the production of output.
oDetermination of the break-even point of production and sales of the output.
oComping up with an accurate pricing mechanism for the product/service.
oSetting up of feedback mechanisms to guarantee continuous customer satisfaction.
oAdding more value to the product at factor prices.
oSafeguarding the employees from low morale and upgrading technology to
maintain sales.
Thus the output analysis puts into perspective how much a particular project can
give back to the entrepreneur and to the team involved in its production.
oCost and benefit analysis:
The last component of project identification is the cost and benefit analysis. This
analysis aims at ascertaining a relationship between the costs incurred and benefits
derived from venturing into a particular project opportunity. Here a close look is
taken into how much costs were involved and what were the benefits derived from it
and also how close is this estimate to the predefined budget estimate of the
entrepreneur or the firm. The more proximate the two are, it shows successful
management and financial prudence by the firm as the firm was able to optimize
production, minimize loss and generate substantial profits. Thus, cost-benefit
analysis is a close look at the performance of the firm.
11. IMPORTANCE OF PROJECT
IDENTIFICATION
oThe importance of project identification is highlighted in the
following points:
oThey become catalytic agents of economic development.
oThey boost production and generate employment.
oThe commitments to a project are non-reversible.
oThe project consists of benefits that are of a long term nature.
oA project causes substantial financial outlays.
oProject identification causes the necessary changes in society overtime.
oProject identification is the most crucial step of the project planning cycle and
employs a significant amount of resources as part of its exercise.
oProjects provide the framework of the future pattern of activities and services of the
enterprises.
oThey also initiate development of basic infrastructure and environment.
oProjects accelerate the process of socio-cultural development.
12. SWOT ANALYSIS
oSWOT Analysis is a logical, analytical, research tool used by entrepreneurs or
the top level management to analyse the feasibility of a particular project. It
consists of four components:
oStrengths
oWeaknesses
oOpportunities
oThreats
oThis can be explained as under:
oStrengths: Characteristics of a business which give it advantages over its competitors.
oWeaknesses: Characteristics of a business which make it disadvantageous relative to its
competitors.
oOpportunities: Elements in a company’s external environment that allow it to formulate
and implement strategies to increase profitability.
oThreats: Elements in the external environment that could endanger the integrity and
profitability of the business.
13. PROJECT SELECTION
oProject selection is the process of selecting a promising project idea
from a list of various project ideas based on certain conditions that
are set by the entrepreneur or the firm.
oProject selection is the second step after project identification in the
project planning cycle.
oAfter gathering a large number of project profiles, the entrepreneur
should consider the following criteria for selecting a particular
project:
oInvestment size
oLocation
oTechnology
oEquipment
oMarketing
14. oInvestment size:
Professional managers, who have worked in multinational companies or large Indian
companies, should think of starting medium-sized or large-sized units only. The
investment size should be Rs. 3 to 5 crore. They should not commit the common mistake
of restricting the project size to less than Rs. 2 crores, so that they have to go to all the
financial institutions. In fact, under the present circumstances, it will be much easier to
get projects cleared by the all-India institutions, requiring even lesser promoter’s
contribution.
oLocation:
A new entrepreneur should locate his project to the extent possible, in and around the
state headquarters. There are many backward areas around such cities. It is necessary to
have such a location so to attract competent managers. This will also facilitate liaison with
the State Electricity Board, State Industrial Development Corporation and various other
agencies.
oTechnology:
The first project should not be for a product which required high technology,
necessitating foreign technical collaboration. It is better to go in for a product with a
proven technology that is indigenously available. It makes life easier to begin with.
oEquipment:
The entrepreneur should select the best equipment as per advice of experienced technical
consultants. He should not compromise on the quality of the equipment. Many
entrepreneurs enter into some sort of a deal with the equipment manufacturers for a
“kick-back” and in the process sacrifice quality. One should not be short-sighted and
come to grief by going in for poor quality equipment.
oMarketing:
It is not advisable to get into a project particularly the first, which would mean survival
15. CONSTRAINTS INVOLVED IN
PROJECT SELECTION
oThe various constraints faced by the entrepreneur during project
selection, can be divided into 2 components:
oExternal constraints
oInternal constraints
oExternal constraints:
oThese include all the factors outside the project such as the social taboos, social
structures, government policies, the market conditions, the industrial receptivity
and so on.
oIt depends upon the competitor’s strategy and the degree of competition and stress
faced by the industrial units in a free and perfectly competitive market
environment.
oIt depends upon the economic conditions prevailing in the market. Whether the
economy is in boom or depression what are the hopes and optimism of the
producers and consumers.
oIt depends on the political climate of the country whether the country is in a
politically unstable condition, is it in a war or experiencing a revolution, etc.
16. oInternal constraints:
oThese refers to the availability of the factors of production such as land, labour,
and capital.
oThe problems associated with the nature and type of the industry and the particular
product or service.
oThe mindset of the management, whether it is a competitive or a conservative
management.
oThe required location and the cost of social overheads.
oThe ability to raise funds for the project and availability of funds to invest as seed
capital.
Conclusion:
It can thus be said that project identification is an important dimension of
entrepreneurship. Also, more important is its classification which goes towards the
emergence of three dimensions- inputs, outputs and social costs and benefits and
finally the economic development of the country.