3. FORCES ACTING ON REMOVABLE
PARTIAL DENTURES
Dr. Amal Fathy Kaddah
Professor of Prosthodontic,
Faculty of Dentistry,
Cairo University
4. When you realize you've made a mistake, take
immediate steps to correct it.
5. Tissue Supported
RPD
Tooth and Tissue Supported RPD
Tooth Supported
RPD
The replacement
of missing teeth
and supporting
tissues with
prosthesis
designed to be
removed by the
wearer.
Removable prosthodontics
7. Consequences of loss of teeth and
distribution of forces in the oral cavity
• Drifting, overeruption and inclination of the teeth
• Disturbed occlusion and loss of vertical dimension.
• Disabilities associated with appearance.
• Speech disabilities.
• Reduction of masticatory efficiency.
• Temporomandibular joint disorders.
• Deviation of the mandible.
• Resorption of the residual ridge
8. Disturbed occlusion and loss
of vertical dimension.
Consequences of loss of teeth and distribution
of forces in the oral cavity
Drifting, overeruption and inclination of the teeth
9. Consequences of loss of teeth and distribution
of forces in the oral cavity
Disabilities associated with appearance.
Speech disabilities.
10. Consequences of loss of teeth and distribution
of forces in the oral cavity
Change the pattern of mandibular closure as a
result of loss of some teeth
Reduction of masticatory efficiency.
Temporomandibular joint disorders.
11. Trouble in the T.M.J.
The symptoms of the joint due to reduced
V.D. (Costen’s Syndrome) are manifested by
Obscure pains and discomfort,
Clicking sounds of TMJ,
Headaches and neuralgia running in the
ear.
These symptoms may be resulted from
pressure on the tympanic nerve.
12. Consequences of loss of teeth and distribution
of forces in the oral cavity
Deviation of the mandible.
Resorption of the residual ridge
13. OBJECTIVES OF REMOVABLE PARTIAL
DENTURES
Preservation of the Remaining Tissues
Improvement of Esthetics
Improve Masticatory Function
Restoration of Impaired speech
Enhance psychological comfort
14. OBJECTIVES OF REMOVABLE PARTIAL
DENTURES
Preservation of the Remaining Tissues
A- Preservation of the health of the
remaining teeth.
B- Preservation of the residual ridge.
C- Prevention of muscles and TMJ
Dysfunction.
D- Preservation of the tongue contour
and space.
22. • Forces acting on RPD and factors that
influence the magnitude of stresses
transmitted to the tissues.
Is the Planning of the form and extent of
RPD, after studying all the factors involved
• Controlling the stresses by RPD
• Design concepts
Removable Partial Denture Design
• Biomechanical aspect of RPD design
23. * Mechanical ----- related to forces and
its application to object----- looseness
of teeth , bon resorption……etc
Removable Partial Denture Design
• Biomechanical aspect of RPD design
• Bio ------ pertaining to
living systems-----
Inflammation, Caries,
Resorption….etc
25. The magnitude and intensity
The duration
The direction
The frequency
of these forces
The Ability Of living tissues
To Tolerate Forces Is Largely Dependent Upon
Maxfield
26. Fibers of periodontal ligament are
arranged such that their resistance to
vertical forces is much greater than
that to horizontal forces
Tissues are adapted to receive
and absorb forces within their
physiological tolerance
28. I- Vertical Tissue-ward movements
II- Vertical Tissue-away movements
III- Horizontal movements:
A) Lateral movements
B) Antero-posterior movements.
IV- Rotational movements
At least four possible movements of
the partial dentures exist
29. I- Type of movement
II- Causes
III- Function of the partial denture that
resist this movement
IV- Components of PD that provide this
function
Four possible movements of PD
30. Vertical forces acting in gingival
direction tending to move the
denture towards the tissues
I- Tissue-ward movements
Control direction of force
31. • Mastication, swallowing and aimless
tooth contact, biting forces.
They occur during
• P.D. should be designed to resist this
movement by providing adequate
supporting components
•This function of the partial denture is called
“Support”
32. • The Resistance to
Tissue Ward
Movement
Support
• Adequate Distribution of Forces Over the Supporting
Structure
• Transferring Occlusal
Stresses to the
Supporting Oral
Structures and
decrease forces / unit
area
33. • Adequate Distribution of Forces Over the
Supporting Structure
• Decrease forces/unit area
• The Resistance to Tissue Ward Movement
34. This Function Is Mainly Provided By:
Properly designed supporting
rests placed in rest seats,
which are prepared on the
abutment teeth,
Broad accurately fitting denture
bases in distal extension
partial dentures.
Rigid major
connectors that are neither
relieved from the tissues nor
placed on inclined planes also
provide support
39. Tissue-away forces occur due to
•This function of the partial denture is called
“Retention”
The action of muscles acting along the
periphery of the denture
Gravity acting on upper dentures or by
Sticky food adhering to the artificial
teeth or to the denture base.
40. Resistance to
movement of the
denture away from
its tissue foundation
(resistance of a
denture to
dislodgment)
Retention
41. The function of partial denture
which prevents the denture from
being displaced in an occlusal
direction (away from the tissues)
Retention
43. • Frictional fit
Mechanical means of
Retention
Indirect R.
Direct
retainers
Parts of the denture
engaging tooth and
tissue undercuts.
• Clasps
• Attachments
44. 1. Has less surface area.
2. Are bathed in saliva.
3. Lower major connectors are relieved.
contrary to upper m. c. that are well
adapted and their borders are beaded
against the underlying tissues.
4. Strong movements of the tongue
The effect of physical forces is less applicable
to lower dentures than upper because:
45. This Function Is Mainly Provided By:
1-Mechanical Direct Retainers, Which
Engage Undercuts On Abutment Teeth
Attachments
2- Physiologic forces on polished
surfaces of denture bases
3- Physical forces on fitting
surfaces of denture bases
46. RETENTION
From:
• Direct Retainers
•Active I-Bars
• Indirect Retainers
•Rests on the other side of the
axis of rotation from the extension
base
• Proximal Plates(Guide Planes)
Indirect retainer (rest)
Extension Base
???
47. III-Horizontal movements
Horizontal forces developed when the mandible
moves from side to side during function while
the teeth are in contact
Lateral movements have
a destructive effect on
teeth leading to tilting,
breakdown of the
periodontal ligament and
looseness of abutment
teeth.
A) Lateral movements
49. This Function Is Mainly Provided By:
Bracing clasp arms placed at or above the
survey line of the tooth
Minor connectors in contact with axial
(vertical) surfaces of abutment teeth
Proximal plates
Adequate extension of the flanges
Reduction of cusp angle inclination of the
artificial teeth and balanced occlusion.
Providing balanced occlusal contacts free
of lateral interference
50. This Function Is Mainly Provided By:
Bracing clasp arms placed at or
above the survey line of the
tooth
51. Minor connectors in contact with
axial (vertical) surfaces of
abutment teeth
Proximal plates
54. III-Horizontal movements
Horizontal forces which occur during
forward and backward movement of the
mandible during function while the teeth
are in contact
There is natural tendency for the upper
denture to move forward and for the
lower to move backward.
B) Antero-posterior movements
55. Forward movement of the upper denture could be resisted by:
Anterior natural teeth.
Palatal slope.
Maxillary tuberosity.
The natural teeth bounding the edentulous space.
The backward movement of the lower denture
could be resisted by:
The slope of the retromolar pad.
The natural teeth bounding the saddle area.
Proximal plates.
III. Horizontal movements
B) Antero-posterior movements
58. These are horizontal forces tending to exert excessive
stresses on the abutment teeth causing their
displacement or looseness.
These forces occur by: the action of the retentive tip of
the clasp during insertion and removal the denture.
Prevention of these forces on the abutment
tooth is through
RECIPROCATION.
IV- Forces exerted on the abutment teeth
during insertion and removal of the denture
59. Counteract the action of the retentive tip of the
clasp during insertion and removal of the denture
to reduce stresses on the abutment tooth.
RECIPROCATION
Retentive
distance
60. Palatal viewProximal view
RECIPROCATION
Nullifying the effect of pressure on one side
of the teeth by application of pressure, equal
in amount, but in an opposite direction, on the
opposite side of the teeth.
61. Reciprocation is gained through:
The bracing element which is in contact
with the side of the tooth opposite the
retentive tip of the clasp.
62. If the retentive clasp is opposed by a rigid
component which maintains contact with
the tooth as the retentive arm moves over
the bulbosity of the tooth, displacement of
the tooth is resisted. This principle is known
as reciprocation.
63. A guide surface* allows a reciprocating component to
maintain continuous contact with a tooth as the
denture is displaced occlusally. The retentive arm of
the clasp is thus forced to flex as it moves up the
tooth. It is this elastic deformation of the clasp that
creates the retentive force.
64. RECIPROCATION can be achieved by:
Reciprocal clasp arms
contacting the tooth prior
to or at the same time the
retentive tip crosses the
survey line of the tooth.
Reciprocation
Parts of the major connectors……..?????
Proximal plates.
65. V- Rotational movements
Rotational movements are due to
1- The variation in compressibility of supporting
structures,
2- Absence of distal abutment at one end or more ends of
denture bases, and /or
3- Absence of occlusal rests or clasps beyond the fulcrum
line.
66. Periodontal ligament
(0.25mm) Mucosa (2.0mm)
Different Displacement Between PDL & Mucosa
Support is derived from both the residual ridge
and abutment teeth
Problems of support associated with free-end saddles RPD is mainly due to:
67. 1-Rotation of the extension denture
base around transverse fulcrum axis:
A) Rotation of the denture base
towards the ridge around the
fulcrum axis joining the two
main occlusal rests
B) Rotation of the denture base
away from the ridge around
the fulcrum axis joining the
two main occlusal rests
68. A) Rotation of the denture base towards
the ridge around the fulcrum axis
joining the two main occlusal rests
?
69. B) Rotation of the denture base away from
the ridge around the fulcrum axis joining
the two main occlusal rests
70. Components of
RPD That Are
Used to Reduces
the Tendency the
Denture to Rotate
in an Occlusal
Direction About
the Fulcrum Axis
Indirect Retention
71. 2-Rotation of all bases around a
longitudinal axis parallel to the crest of
the residual ridge
75. This movement is counteracted by:
Providing adequate bracing
A rigid major connector
Broad base coverage
Balanced contact between upper and
lower teeth and reduction of cusp slope.
The use of additional rests on teeth other
than the abutment tooth serves as,
indirect retainers.
Coverage of the sloping part of the
palate ant. (rugea area) acts as an
indirect ret.
76. Never laugh at anyone's dreams.
People who don't have dreams don't have much
87. a- when force is directed against
unsupported end of beam cantilever
can act as first class lever
Torque on the abutment tooth
F
b- A cantilever design allows excessive
vertical movement toward the
residual ridge
a
b
89. Fencepost is more readily
removed by application of force
near its top than by applying
same force nearer ground level
in B- abutment has been contoured to
allow rather favorable location of
retentive and reciprocal arms.
A
B
3-
90. Class III Lever: fulcrum at one end
Resistance: less than E
Class III Lever: