behaviorism and foreign language learning

2. WHAT IS
BEHAVIORISM?
KEY FIGURES
APPLICATION IN
LANGUANGE LEARNING

3. - Behaviorism focuses on the study of overt
behaviors that can be observed and
measured.
- It views that mind is a “black box” in the
sense that response to stimulus can be
observed quantitatively, ignoring the
possibility of cognitive.

4.  PAVLOV
- He conducted a series of
experiments by training a
dog to salivate when hearing
a turning fork. Then it is
known as classical
conditioning

5. Before Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response
Neutral stimulus No response

6. During Conditioning
After Conditioning
Unconditioned
stimulus
Neutral
stimulus
Unconditioned
Response
Conditioned
stimulus
Conditioned
Response

7. Conditioning  stimulus-response  behavior
• The founder of behaviorism
• Adopted Pavlov’s classical
conditioning to explain all types
of learning.
•He rejected mentalistic notion
of innateness and instinct
•He believes that by the process
of conditioning we can built
stimulus-response connections.

8. - His work is often referred to as
connectionism,
neural
connection
Learning Forget
- According to him, learning is the process of
forming association or bonds.
stimulus response
Stamping in Stamping out

9. Thorndike proposed 3 laws of learning
1. Law of Readiness or Law of tendency
- a preparation of action
- organism will learn only when he/she is
physically and mentally ready for it
2. Law of exercise
- practice/drill helps in increasing learning
efficiency
3. Law of effect
- the greater of the satisfaction, the strong
motive to learn will be

10.  Skinner created new concept
called Operant
Conditioning/Instrumental
Conditioning
 He called Pavlov’s conditioning
Respondent Conditioning
What is the
difference?

11. e.g. Crying can be either Respondent or Operant
responsestimuli consequence
Respondent Conditioning
(Pavlov)
Operant Conditioning
(Skinner)
Stimuli precede response Consequences follow response

12. Stimulus Organism
(Human Being)
Response
Behavior
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Behavior likely to
occur again and
become habit
Behavior not
likely to occur
again

13.  In 1950s and 1960s, the learning theory of
Behaviorism underpinned the used of
Audioligual Method (ALM) on language
teaching, with three crucial learning
elements:
1. Stimulus
2. Response
3. Reinforcement

14. 1. Repetition
2. Inflection
3. Replacement
4. Restatement
5. Completion
6. Transposition
7. Expansion
8. Contraction
9. Transformation
10. Integration
11. Rejoinder
12. Restoration
• The classroom environment is arranged with
mimicry, memorization, and pattern drills.
• Brook(1964: 156-61) proposed some various
pattern drills used in ALM, as follows:

15.  Likewise the Direct Method, Audiolingual
believes that language is primarily speech.
 Brooks as quoted by Richards and Rodgers
(2002) say, “Language is primarily what is
spoken and only secondarily what is written.”
So, how to teach writing by using ALM?

16.  In ALM teaching writing skill is
always dependent

17.  At the beginning level, writing is purely imitative
and consists of little more than copying out
sentences that have been practiced.
 At the advanced level, students may develop by
using some variations in using the structures that
have been previously learned.
 Richards and Rodgers (2002) write, “As
proficiency increases, students may write out
variations of structural items they have practiced
or write short compositions on given topics with
the help of framing questions, which will guide
their use of the language.”

18. According to Behaviorism theory,
“Learning is habit
formation”

19. Thank you… 