Pesticide use and toxicity A Presentation by Mr Allah Dad Khan Consultant NRM IUCN Pakistan

2. Pesticide Use and Toxicity Down
• Conventional pesticide sales
down 3% per year between 1999
and 2006. (Crop Life, 2007)
• Use of broad spectrum
organophosphate and carbamate
pesticides down. (California DPR)
Miles to go…
• 94% of fish, 94% of surface water
and 33% of ground water
samples collected from 1992 and
2001 showed contamination with
one or more pesticides. (2006 U.S.
Geological Survey)
• Herbicide-resistant weeds,
invasive species, new drift
regulations, non-target including
pollinator impacts call for more
IPM…
Bald eagle nesting pairs increase
from 417 to 5,748 after DDT ban.
- Fish & Wildlife Service, 2003

3. IPM Reduces Pesticide Risk
• IPM is an systems-based approach designed to reduce environmental, health
and economic risks. IPM is implemented as an ongoing series of science-
based, pest management evaluations, decisions and interventions.
• IPM practitioners use knowledge of pest biology and environmental
conditions, and technology to Prevent, Avoid Monitor and Suppress (PAMS)
pests.
Basic IPM Practices
 Scouting (sampling) crops for pests and pest damage, visually or
with devices.
 Monitoring weather, other conditions.
 Acting when pests approach economically damaging levels.
Advanced IPM Practices
 Resolve: Why is the pest there?
 Pest-resistant crop varieties.
 Crop rotation, adjust planting times.
 Reduced-risk pesticides, mating disruption,
companion crops, beneficial insects.
Pest Scouting
Pheromone
Disruptor
Suction Trap

4. Presentation Objectives
• Give a Working Definition of IPM
• Outline a few key pumpkin pests and related IPM control
strategies
• Translate IPM Practices into NRCS EQIP for Specialty
Crop Guidelines
• Conclusions

5. What is IPM?
• The comprehensive and coordinated use of cultural,
biological, and chemical tactics to reduce a pest
population below an acceptable threshold
• Cultural – non-chemical tactics, host plant resistance,
planting date, cover crops, traps, scouting, crop rotation,
sanitation, etc.
• Biological – natural enemy conservation & enhancement
• Chemical – pesticide selection and spray timing

6. Multiple Approaches to IPM
• PAMS
• Prevention, Avoidance, Monitoring, Suppression
VS.
• Seasonal
• Pre plant, At plant, In season, Harvest, Post harvest
VS.
• Discipline
• Weeds, Insects, Disease, Culture, etc.
• Can couch IPM in various combinations or formats

7. Pre plant, At plant, In season IPM
Insect & Disease Management
• Key Pest(s): Striped cucumber beetle, may vector
Bacterial wilt
• (PP) Delay direct seeding until after 1st generation of
beetles decline
• (PP) Use transplants
• (AP) Use systemic insecticides in-furrow or seed
treatments
• (IS) Scout emerged seedlings, treat if cuke beetle
threshold is exceeded

8. Bacterial wilt symptoms
on pumpkin
Striped cucumber beetles

9. Aphid; Virus Fruit and Leaf Symptoms

10. In season and Post harvest IPM
Insect Management
• Key Pest: Squash vine borer
• (IS) Use pheromone trap to detect adults end of June to
mid July
• (IS) Based on flight activity treat plant crown w/
insecticide
• (PH) Destroy vines after harvest, kill SVB larvae & pupae

11. Squash Vine Borer Adult, Larva, & Trap

12. Pre plant and In season IPM
Disease Management
• Key Disease: Powdery mildew
• (PP) Select PM tolerant hybrids when possible
• (IS) Scout beginning mid July, treat as soon as PM
colonies found
• (IS) Rotate fungicide FRAC #’s to delay PM resistance
• (PP thru IS) Keep updated on most effective fungicides,
they do change over time