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Pesticide Pollution 
-Govardhan .S (RC/11-08) 
B.Sc.,(Commercial Agriculture and Business management) 
College of Agriculture , Rajendranagar 
Prof. Jaishankar Telangana State Agriculture University 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 1
What Is A Pesticide 
Definition: 
“Substances meant for attracting, 
seducing, destroying, or mitigating any pest” 
They are a class of biocide. The most common 
use of pesticides is as plant protection products 
(also known as crop protection products), which 
in general protect plants from damaging 
influences such as weeds, plant 
diseases or insects. 
term pesticide is often treated as synonymous 
with plant protection product 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 2
What Is A Pesticide 
• Term pesticide includes 
all of the following: 
 herbicide, 
insecticide, 
Insect growth regulator, 
 nematicide, 
termiticide, 
molluscicide, 
Piscicide 
avicide 
rodenticide, 
predacide, 
bactericide, 
Insect repellent, 
 animal repellent, 
 antimicrobial, 
 fungicide, 
 disinfectant(antimicrobia 
l), 
sanitizer 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 3
• According to the Stockholm Convention 
on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 
12 most dangerous and 
persistent organic chemicals are 
organochlorine pesticides 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 4
Negative Role Of Pesticides 
• A fundamental contributor to the Green Revolution has 
been the development and application of pesticides for the 
control of a wide variety of insectivorous and herbaceous 
pests that would otherwise diminish the quantity and 
quality of food produce. The use of pesticides coincides 
with the "chemical age" which has transformed society 
since the 1950s. In areas where intensive monoculture is 
practised, pesticides were used as a standard method for 
pest control. Unfortunately, with the benefits of chemistry 
have also come disbenefits, some so serious that they now 
threaten the long-term survival of major ecosystems by 
disruption of predator-prey relationships and loss of 
biodiversity. Also, pesticides can have significant human 
health consequences. 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 5
Negative Role Of Pesticides 
• While agricultural use of chemicals is restricted to a limited 
number of compounds, agriculture is one of the few 
activities where chemicals are intentionally released into 
the environment because they kill things. 
• Agricultural use of pesticides is a subset of the larger 
spectrum of industrial chemicals used in modern society. 
The American Chemical Society database indicates that 
there were some 13 million chemicals identified in 1993 
with some 500 000 new compounds being added annually. 
In the Great Lakes of North America, for example, the 
International Joint Commission has estimated that there 
are more than 200 chemicals of concern in water and 
sediments of the Great Lakes ecosystem.. 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 6
Negative Role Of Pesticides 
• Because the environmental burden of toxic 
chemicals includes both agriculture and non-agricultural 
compounds, it is difficult to separate 
the ecological and human health effects of 
pesticides from those of industrial compounds 
that are intentionally or accidentally released into 
the environment. However, there is 
overwhelming evidence that agricultural use of 
pesticides has a major impact on water quality 
and leads to serious environmental consequences 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 7
• The impact on water quality by pesticides is 
associated with the following factors: 
– · Active ingredient in the pesticide formulation.· 
– Contaminants that exist as impurities in the active 
ingredient. 
– · Additives that are mixed with the active ingredient 
(wetting agents, diluents or solvents, extenders, 
adhesives, buffers, preservatives and emulsifiers). 
– · Degradate that is formed during chemical, microbial 
or photochemical degradation of the active 
ingredient. 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 8
Health effects of pesticides 
• Acute effects 
– Acute health problems may occur in workers that 
handle pesticides, such as abdominal pain, dizziness, 
headaches, nausea, vomiting, as well as skin and eye 
problems 
– In China, an estimated half million people are 
poisoned by pesticides each year, 500 of whom die. 
– Pyrethrins, insecticides commonly used in common 
bug killers, can cause a potentially deadly condition if 
breathed in 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 9
Health effects of pesticides 
• Long term effects 
– Cancer 
• Many studies have examined the effects of pesticide 
exposure on the risk of cancer. Associations have been 
found 
with: leukemia, lymphoma, brain, kidney, breast, prosta 
te,pancreas, liver, lung, and skin cancers. 
• Increased rates of cancer have been found among farm 
workers who apply these chemicals 
• A mother's occupational exposure to pesticides during 
pregnancy is associated with an increases in her child's 
risk of leukemia, Wilms' tumor, and brain cancer. 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 10
Health effects of pesticides 
– Neurological 
• The risk of developing Parkinson's disease is 70% greater in 
those exposed to even low levels of pesticides 
• People with Parkinson's were 61% more likely to report 
direct pesticide application 
• long term exposures may increase the risk of dementia. 
• The United States Environmental Protection Agency finished 
a 10-year review of the organophosphate pesticides 
following the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act, but did little 
to account for developmental neurotoxic effects 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 11
Health effects of pesticides 
– Reproductive effects 
• Strong evidence links pesticide exposure to birth 
defects, fetal death and altered fetal growth 
• It was also found that offspring that were at some point 
exposed to pesticides had a low birth weight and had 
developmental defects 
– Fertility 
• A number of pesticides 
including dibromochlorophane and 2,4-D has been 
associated with impaired fertility in males 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 12
Health effects of pesticides 
– Other 
• studies have found increased risks of dermatitis in 
those exposed 
• According to researchers from the National Institutes of 
Health (NIH), licensed pesticide applicators who used 
chlorinated pesticides on more than 100 days in their 
lifetime were at greater risk of diabetes. 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 13
Environmental Effects Of Pesticides 
• Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of 
herbicides reach a destination other than their 
target species, including non-target species, 
air, water and soil. 
• Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides 
suspended in the air as particles are carried by 
wind to other areas, potentially contaminating 
them 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 14
Environmental Effects Of Pesticides 
• Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution, and 
some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and 
contribute to soil contamination. 
• Since chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides dissolve in 
fats and are not excreted, organisms tend to retain 
them almost indefinitely. Biological magnification is the 
process whereby these chlorinated hydrocarbons 
(pesticides) are more concentrated at each level of the 
food chain. Among marine animals, pesticide 
concentrations are higher in carnivorous fishes, and 
even more so in the fish-eating birds and mammals at 
the top of the ecological pyramid. 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 15
Environmental Effects Of Pesticides 
• Global distillation is the process whereby pesticides are 
transported from warmer to colder regions of the 
Earth, in particular the Poles and mountain tops. 
Pesticides that evaporate into the atmosphere at 
relatively high temperature can be carried considerable 
distances (thousands of kilometers) by the wind to an 
area of lower temperature, where they condense and 
are carried back to the ground in rain or snow 
• Economics 
– Human health and environmental cost from pesticides in 
the United States is estimated at $9.6 billion 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 16
Residues of Pesticides 
• Residues in human blood: 
– Organochlro insecticides found in samples of blood serum 
in rural areas of ahmedabad showed an average of 
200.3ppb 
– Among all HCH (Hexaclorciclohexan) and DDT(Dichloro 
Diphenyl Trichloroethane) were chief contaminents 
• Residues in human milk: 
– Potential risk to infants 
– Toxilogical implecation cannot be assessed presicely 
– Hexaclorobenzens a fungiside is found in human milk and 
fat 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 17
Residues of Pesticides 
• Residues in human fat: 
– In absece of a sutable animal tissue culture or human biomarker 
model to provide an objective evaluation it is not possible for 
pharmological interpetention of such small amounts of 
pesticides 
• Residues in food commodities and average daily intake 
– Concentration of pesticides varies greatly 
– DDT and HCH are found in ground nut and sesamum oils in 
Tamil Nadu 
• Residues in environmental samples 
– Residues in aerosols in ahmedabad ranges from 2.06- 
18.96ng/m3 of BHC and DDT 
– DDT and HCH in drinking water samples 47.4-256.9ng/L 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 18
Reasons for conditional utilization 
• Allow agricultural producers to improve the 
quality, quantity, and diversity of our food 
supply. 
• Used in timber, turf, horticulture, aquatic, and 
structural pest control industries. 
• Homeowners and home gardeners often use 
pesticides in their homes, yards, and on pets. 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 19
What Happens after Application? 
• When pesticides are applied the goal is that they 
will remain in the target area long enough to 
control a specific pest and then degrade into 
harmless compounds without contaminating the 
environment. 
• Once applied, many pesticides are mobile in the 
environment (air, soil, water). 
• This movement can be beneficial (moving 
pesticide to target area, such as roots) but can 
also reduce the effect on the target pest and 
injure nontarget plants and animals. 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 20
Pathways of pesticide movement 
• Runoff 
• Chemical degradation 
• Volatilize (gas vapor) 
• Leaching and breakdown in soil 
• Leaching and degradation by microbes 
• Photo degradation (sun) 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 21
Alternatives 
• use of biological pest controls (such as pheromones and microbial 
pesticides) 
• genetic engineering, and methods of interfering with insect 
breeding. 
• Application of composted yard waste 
• Cultivation practices include polyculture (growing multiple types of 
plants) 
• crop rotation 
• use of trap crops 
• natural predators or parasites of the pests 
• Biological pesticides based on entomopathogenic 
fungi, bacteria and viruses cause disease in the pest species can 
also be used 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 22
Alternatives 
• Interfering with insects' reproduction can be 
accomplished by sterilizing males 
• Soil steaming kills pest and increases soil 
health. 
• In India, traditional pest control methods 
include using Panchakavya 
• integrated pest management (IPM). 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 23
Effectiveness 
• alternatives to pesticides can be equally effective as the 
use of chemicals 
• For example, Sweden has halved its use of pesticides with 
hardly any reduction in crops. 
• In Indonesia, farmers have reduced pesticide use on rice 
fields by 65% and experienced a 15% crop increase 
• A study ofMaize fields in northern Florida found that the 
application of composted yard waste with high carbon to 
nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at 
reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and 
increasing crop yield, with yield increases ranging from 10% 
to 212%; the observed effects were long-term, often not 
appearing until the third season of the study 
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 24
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 25
9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 26

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Pesticide Pollution

  • 1. Pesticide Pollution -Govardhan .S (RC/11-08) B.Sc.,(Commercial Agriculture and Business management) College of Agriculture , Rajendranagar Prof. Jaishankar Telangana State Agriculture University 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 1
  • 2. What Is A Pesticide Definition: “Substances meant for attracting, seducing, destroying, or mitigating any pest” They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, plant diseases or insects. term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant protection product 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 2
  • 3. What Is A Pesticide • Term pesticide includes all of the following:  herbicide, insecticide, Insect growth regulator,  nematicide, termiticide, molluscicide, Piscicide avicide rodenticide, predacide, bactericide, Insect repellent,  animal repellent,  antimicrobial,  fungicide,  disinfectant(antimicrobia l), sanitizer 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 3
  • 4. • According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are organochlorine pesticides 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 4
  • 5. Negative Role Of Pesticides • A fundamental contributor to the Green Revolution has been the development and application of pesticides for the control of a wide variety of insectivorous and herbaceous pests that would otherwise diminish the quantity and quality of food produce. The use of pesticides coincides with the "chemical age" which has transformed society since the 1950s. In areas where intensive monoculture is practised, pesticides were used as a standard method for pest control. Unfortunately, with the benefits of chemistry have also come disbenefits, some so serious that they now threaten the long-term survival of major ecosystems by disruption of predator-prey relationships and loss of biodiversity. Also, pesticides can have significant human health consequences. 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 5
  • 6. Negative Role Of Pesticides • While agricultural use of chemicals is restricted to a limited number of compounds, agriculture is one of the few activities where chemicals are intentionally released into the environment because they kill things. • Agricultural use of pesticides is a subset of the larger spectrum of industrial chemicals used in modern society. The American Chemical Society database indicates that there were some 13 million chemicals identified in 1993 with some 500 000 new compounds being added annually. In the Great Lakes of North America, for example, the International Joint Commission has estimated that there are more than 200 chemicals of concern in water and sediments of the Great Lakes ecosystem.. 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 6
  • 7. Negative Role Of Pesticides • Because the environmental burden of toxic chemicals includes both agriculture and non-agricultural compounds, it is difficult to separate the ecological and human health effects of pesticides from those of industrial compounds that are intentionally or accidentally released into the environment. However, there is overwhelming evidence that agricultural use of pesticides has a major impact on water quality and leads to serious environmental consequences 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 7
  • 8. • The impact on water quality by pesticides is associated with the following factors: – · Active ingredient in the pesticide formulation.· – Contaminants that exist as impurities in the active ingredient. – · Additives that are mixed with the active ingredient (wetting agents, diluents or solvents, extenders, adhesives, buffers, preservatives and emulsifiers). – · Degradate that is formed during chemical, microbial or photochemical degradation of the active ingredient. 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 8
  • 9. Health effects of pesticides • Acute effects – Acute health problems may occur in workers that handle pesticides, such as abdominal pain, dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, as well as skin and eye problems – In China, an estimated half million people are poisoned by pesticides each year, 500 of whom die. – Pyrethrins, insecticides commonly used in common bug killers, can cause a potentially deadly condition if breathed in 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 9
  • 10. Health effects of pesticides • Long term effects – Cancer • Many studies have examined the effects of pesticide exposure on the risk of cancer. Associations have been found with: leukemia, lymphoma, brain, kidney, breast, prosta te,pancreas, liver, lung, and skin cancers. • Increased rates of cancer have been found among farm workers who apply these chemicals • A mother's occupational exposure to pesticides during pregnancy is associated with an increases in her child's risk of leukemia, Wilms' tumor, and brain cancer. 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 10
  • 11. Health effects of pesticides – Neurological • The risk of developing Parkinson's disease is 70% greater in those exposed to even low levels of pesticides • People with Parkinson's were 61% more likely to report direct pesticide application • long term exposures may increase the risk of dementia. • The United States Environmental Protection Agency finished a 10-year review of the organophosphate pesticides following the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act, but did little to account for developmental neurotoxic effects 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 11
  • 12. Health effects of pesticides – Reproductive effects • Strong evidence links pesticide exposure to birth defects, fetal death and altered fetal growth • It was also found that offspring that were at some point exposed to pesticides had a low birth weight and had developmental defects – Fertility • A number of pesticides including dibromochlorophane and 2,4-D has been associated with impaired fertility in males 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 12
  • 13. Health effects of pesticides – Other • studies have found increased risks of dermatitis in those exposed • According to researchers from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), licensed pesticide applicators who used chlorinated pesticides on more than 100 days in their lifetime were at greater risk of diabetes. 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 13
  • 14. Environmental Effects Of Pesticides • Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. • Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 14
  • 15. Environmental Effects Of Pesticides • Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution, and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination. • Since chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides dissolve in fats and are not excreted, organisms tend to retain them almost indefinitely. Biological magnification is the process whereby these chlorinated hydrocarbons (pesticides) are more concentrated at each level of the food chain. Among marine animals, pesticide concentrations are higher in carnivorous fishes, and even more so in the fish-eating birds and mammals at the top of the ecological pyramid. 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 15
  • 16. Environmental Effects Of Pesticides • Global distillation is the process whereby pesticides are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth, in particular the Poles and mountain tops. Pesticides that evaporate into the atmosphere at relatively high temperature can be carried considerable distances (thousands of kilometers) by the wind to an area of lower temperature, where they condense and are carried back to the ground in rain or snow • Economics – Human health and environmental cost from pesticides in the United States is estimated at $9.6 billion 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 16
  • 17. Residues of Pesticides • Residues in human blood: – Organochlro insecticides found in samples of blood serum in rural areas of ahmedabad showed an average of 200.3ppb – Among all HCH (Hexaclorciclohexan) and DDT(Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane) were chief contaminents • Residues in human milk: – Potential risk to infants – Toxilogical implecation cannot be assessed presicely – Hexaclorobenzens a fungiside is found in human milk and fat 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 17
  • 18. Residues of Pesticides • Residues in human fat: – In absece of a sutable animal tissue culture or human biomarker model to provide an objective evaluation it is not possible for pharmological interpetention of such small amounts of pesticides • Residues in food commodities and average daily intake – Concentration of pesticides varies greatly – DDT and HCH are found in ground nut and sesamum oils in Tamil Nadu • Residues in environmental samples – Residues in aerosols in ahmedabad ranges from 2.06- 18.96ng/m3 of BHC and DDT – DDT and HCH in drinking water samples 47.4-256.9ng/L 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 18
  • 19. Reasons for conditional utilization • Allow agricultural producers to improve the quality, quantity, and diversity of our food supply. • Used in timber, turf, horticulture, aquatic, and structural pest control industries. • Homeowners and home gardeners often use pesticides in their homes, yards, and on pets. 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 19
  • 20. What Happens after Application? • When pesticides are applied the goal is that they will remain in the target area long enough to control a specific pest and then degrade into harmless compounds without contaminating the environment. • Once applied, many pesticides are mobile in the environment (air, soil, water). • This movement can be beneficial (moving pesticide to target area, such as roots) but can also reduce the effect on the target pest and injure nontarget plants and animals. 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 20
  • 21. Pathways of pesticide movement • Runoff • Chemical degradation • Volatilize (gas vapor) • Leaching and breakdown in soil • Leaching and degradation by microbes • Photo degradation (sun) 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 21
  • 22. Alternatives • use of biological pest controls (such as pheromones and microbial pesticides) • genetic engineering, and methods of interfering with insect breeding. • Application of composted yard waste • Cultivation practices include polyculture (growing multiple types of plants) • crop rotation • use of trap crops • natural predators or parasites of the pests • Biological pesticides based on entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses cause disease in the pest species can also be used 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 22
  • 23. Alternatives • Interfering with insects' reproduction can be accomplished by sterilizing males • Soil steaming kills pest and increases soil health. • In India, traditional pest control methods include using Panchakavya • integrated pest management (IPM). 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 23
  • 24. Effectiveness • alternatives to pesticides can be equally effective as the use of chemicals • For example, Sweden has halved its use of pesticides with hardly any reduction in crops. • In Indonesia, farmers have reduced pesticide use on rice fields by 65% and experienced a 15% crop increase • A study ofMaize fields in northern Florida found that the application of composted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield, with yield increases ranging from 10% to 212%; the observed effects were long-term, often not appearing until the third season of the study 9/15/2014 ©govardhan.happy@gmail.com 24