Aviation - Infrastructure management

Aviation
Infrastructure Management
CIE 639 / ECS 636 – Sustainable Development and Infrastructure Management

Outline
 Introduction
 Components Of Aviation Infrastructure
 Air Traffic Management(ATM)
 Runway Infrastructure Management
 Fuel Infrastructure Management
 Terminal Infrastructure Management
 Taxiway
Aviation Management- Decision Support System
ASPS- Aviation Safety Report System
Aviation System Performance Metrics System (ASPM)
Project Lifecycle Management
Aviation Safety Mnagement

Air Traffic Management (ATM)
Facilities
Simon Boitard

Outline
 I- Overall Presentation of Air Traffic Control:
Risks assessment and management
 II- Examples of consequences of navigational
equipment outages in 2 main American airports.
Simon Boitard

Overall Presentation of Air Traffic Control
An overview of ATM Facilities:
 Role: To SAFELY regulate air traffic
 ATC currently involved in only 2% of accidents
 Interconnections of humans and electronic facilities
Simon Boitard

 Risk Assessment in ATM
 Traditional way: fly-and-fix model
 Nowadays: proactive models (early identification)
Simon BoitardSimon Boitard
Simon Boitard

 Risk Assessment in ATM – Procedure followed
 1- Identify hazards and their consequences
 2- Assess and measure those consequences on safety
 3- Maximum probability tolerated by the system
 4- Risk mitigation methodology
Simon Boitard

 Risk Assessment in ATM – Severity Classification
Scheme
FREQUENCY
SEVERITY
Extremely Rare Rare Occasional Frequent Very Frequent
Accidents
Serious
Incidents
Major Incidents
Significant
Incidents
No Immediate
Effect on Safety
Simon Boitard

 Role of computer systems
 Monitoring human decisions
 Planning
 Sensitive working tasks
Simon Boitard

 Consequences on safety
 Greater probability of separation loss
 Greater probability of a fatal accident
Simon Boitard

Example of outages in 2 Airports
 Background in navigational equipment outages
 FAA permanently watching equipment status
 Sensitive to airport configuration and weather
 Wide range of equipment with different:
 Failure rates
 Life cycles
 Aging issues
 Consequences on airport capacity
Simon Boitard

 About the Case study airports: PHX AND SFO
Total duration of equipment outage per cause code in SFO
Simon Boitard

 Most Frequent Navigational Equipment outages
 SFO: Ground-based local navigational aids outage
 High Frequency omnidirectional range (VOR)
 Approach lighting system
 PHX:
 Air Traffic Radio Beacon System (ATRBS)
 Radar Mode S
Simon Boitard

 Database used
Service Outages at the US ATM
Simon Boitard

 The way of managing failure and consequences
 VOR outage:
 Pilot reports to air controller
 Using of radar vectoring
 No consequences on airport throughput
Simon Boitard

 The way of managing failure and consequences
 ATCRBS and mode S outage
 Using of backup sytem
 Less precise information
 Increased separation distance
 Decrease in the operations rate per hour
Simon Boitard

Conclusion of this part
 National Air System facilities experience outages
 Consequences vary depending on weather, airport
configuration and the kind of equipment
Simon Boitard

RUNWAY
INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT
Vamsi Kodedala

INTRODUCTION TO RUNWAY
According to ICAO; runway is a “defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome
prepared for landing and take off of aircraft”.
 RUNWAY ORIENTATION- Aircraft operations on runway is done against wind
 RUNWAY NAMING AND MARKING –based on compass and position of runway
 RUNWAY CONFIGURATION- single, parallel, open v, intersecting runways
 RUNWAY LIGHITING- end identifier, end, edge, centerline, touch down zone
Vamsi Kodedala

Google Images
Vamsi Kodedala

 BACKGROUND- based on “ad hoc” approach and “existing condition” approach
 NEW DECISION MAKING PROCESS- engineering judgment and using APMS
 THEORY BEHIND APMS- evaluates pavement condition using lifecycle cost
analysis
AIRPORT PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
TYPICAL LIFE CYCLE OF PAVEMENT CONDITION
("AIRPORT PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM")
Vamsi Kodedala

AIRPORT PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
 COMPONENETS OF AIRPORT PAVEMENT MANGEMENT SYSTEMS
 DATA BASE
 PAVEMENT STRUCTURE
 MAINATENANCE HISTORY
 TRAFFIC DATA
 PAVEMENT CONDITION DATA
 SYSTEM CAPABILITIES
 PREDICTING FUTURE PAVEMENT CONDITION
 DETERMINING OPTIMUM M&R PLANS FOR A GIVEN BUDGET
 DETERMINING BUDGET REQUIREMENTS TO MEET MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVIES
 FACILITATING THE FORMULATION AND PRIORITIZATION OF M&R PROJECTS
Vamsi Kodedala

MANAGEMENT LEVELS
 NETWORK LEVEL MANAGEMENT
 CONDITION PREDICTION
 USING PMS SOFTWARE
 PROJECT LEVEL MANAGEMENT
 ROUGHNESS
 FRICTION
 USING PMS SOFTWARE
Vamsi Kodedala

REPORT GENERATION
 INVENTORY REPORT-about all pavement networks
 INSPECTION SCHEDULING REPORT- schedule inspections
 PAVEMENT CONDITION REPORT- pavement condition of present & future
 BUDGET PLANNING REPORT- budget required to maintain pavement network
 NETWORK MAINTAINANCE REPORT- cost and type of routine maintenance
 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS REPORT- most cost effective alternative for pavement repair
Vamsi Kodedala

 PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARES
 MICRO PAVER
 OTHER PMS SOFTWARES DEELOPED RELEVEANT T0 AIRPORT AUTHORITIES
("AIRPORT PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE")
Vamsi Kodedala

BENEFITS OF APMS
OBJECTIVE AND EVALUATION BUDGET REQUIREMENTS
DOCUMENTATION
LIFE CYCLE COSTS
IMPACTS ON PAVEMENT
NETWORKS
Vamsi Kodedala

SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT
DESCRIBE THE SYSTEM
IDENTIFY HAZARDS
ANALYZE RISKS
ASSESS RISKS
MITIGATE RISKS
Vamsi Kodedala

 DESCRIBING THE SYSTEM
▪ To manage the risk effectively and prevent undesirable outcomes, personnel must
understand the system under review
▪ System - 5M Model
Describing the system
(Neubauer, Fleet and Ayres Jr.)
Vamsi Kodedala

 IDENTIFY HAZARDS
▪ Hazard is a precondition to accident or incident
▪ Hazard categories:
 People
 Assets
 Environment
 Reputation
 Mission
Identification of Hazard
Vamsi Kodedala

Analyzing The Risk
 Anticipating potential outcomes
 Determining the severity
 Determining likelihood
Vamsi Kodedala

Assess Risk
 In this level likelihood and severity for each hazard are compared to level of
acceptable risk
 Risk Matric
▪ High Risk
▪ Medium Risk
▪ Low Risk
(Neubauer, Fleet and Ayres Jr.)
Vamsi Kodedala

Mitigate Risk
 Resource or operational approach to treat or control risk
 Strategies to handle the assessed risks
▪ Accept
▪ Avoid
▪ Reduce
▪ Transfer
▪ Monitor
Vamsi Kodedala

Example
 O’Hare International Airport lighting outage, Chicago, USA.
April 12, 2013
Failure occurred around 9:30 p.m. Thursday and affected the runways 9L/27R, 9R/27L ;
both the runways on the north side has been shutdown for almost 10 minutes until the
lights are turned on manually; which caused a delay of 30 minutes to inbound flights
During this planes expecting to use this runway are forced to circle and wait for another
runway to open up.
Vamsi Kodedala

Airport Fuel
Noe Aurelle

Airport Fuel Infrastructure
 Fuel supply:
 Pipelines
 Tank trucks, Rail Car
 Equipment and facilities:
 Transport pipelines and vehicles
 Fuel storage tanks and trucks
 Filtration, pumps, and fuel dispensing equipment
Noe Aurelle

Noe Aurelle

 Fuel supply
 Number of operators
 Fuel consortium management
 Rule-of-thumb: 5 to 7 days of fuel on hands
NOC =national oil company
IOC = independent oil company
Noe Aurelle

 Fuel storage
 Number of storage facilities
 Size of storage facilities
Noe Aurelle

 Fuel delivery
 Two into plane methods:
 Refueller truck
 Hydrant system with hydrant carts
Noe Aurelle

 Fuel review
 Safety practices
Noe Aurelle

 Planning
 Key Planning Questions:
 Fuel supply & Farm Operation
 Is there an existing monopoly supplier?
 Is it possible to have different suppliers?
 Infrastructure
 Is sufficient land available on-airport?
 How adequate is existing infrastructure?
 How long will current capacity last?
 What are long-term infrastructure needs?
 Pricing
 Are ‘into-plane’ prices fixed by regulation?
 How competitive are airport fuel costs?
 What is potential for tankereing?
 How price-sensitive is demand?
Noe Aurelle

In Service Monitoring
 Funding
 Indicators:
 Fuel tank levels
 Fuel purity
 API Gravity
 ‘Clear and Bright’
Noe Aurelle

Inspection and Maintenance
 Maintenance fault tree analysis
Noe Aurelle

Inspection and Maintenance
Noe Aurelle

Risks
 Environmental:
 Contamination, Spillage, Explosion
 Fuel Shortage:
 Flight Delays
 Explosion:
 Facilities infrastructure
 Human factor
Noe Aurelle

Terminal
Akshaykumar More

•Arriving
•Departing
•Parking
•Circulating
Access
Interface
•Ticketing
•Check- in
•Security check
•Claiming Baggage
•Checking customs
Processing
Interface
•Waiting
•Loading and
unloading
(both passenger &
baggage)
Flight
Interface
Terminal Buildings-
The Connection Between “the Sky & the earth”
 Functions
 To Provide a Convenient facility for the
mode transfer from ground to air
transport & Vice-versa.
 Facilitate Aeronautical Services &
Passenger Services
 It Provides Fast-Shortest possible
transition of passenger
 Baggage Handling system &
Airside/Landside Security Screen
 Passenger terminal
components
(Horonjeff, McKelvey et al. 2010)
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The formulas - calculating loads on security screening,
 The expected load on the security checkpoints can be estimated as
 L = P(1 - T)(1 + K)R
 P = peak-hour enplanements
 T = percent of transfers who bypass the security checkpoint
 K = a factor that accounts for other airport traffic (employees, etc.) as a proportion of P
 R = a factor between 1 and 1.5 to provide additional capacity to cope with fluctuations in loads over the peak
hour, a higher number for greater variability (FAA, 2001)
 Number of checkpoints = ( L/Service Rate) = (L/ (S x F))
 Number of screening machines for carry-ons = L((B/X) x F)
 F = a utilization factor reflecting breaks by personnel
 S = the checkpoint nominal service rate
 X = nominal service rate of the screening machine
 B = number of carry-ons trays per passenger.
« Airport Systems- Planning,Design and Manaement »
By Richard de Neufville & Amedeo R. Odoni
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Terminal Buildings-
 Principles of Passenger Flow
 People Movers- Conversion and
Spread-Out
 Five Basic Configurations
 Which configuration is the best?
 Finger pier, Satellite, Midfield, Linear,
Transporter or Hybrid ?
 There is no single solution
 Varies with- walking distances between
facilities - Arrangement of number of aircraft
gates
 Walking distances are prime Level Of
Service (LOS) measures, LOS varies with
spaces
 Hybrid configuration- more flexible
Finger pier Satellite Linear Transporter Midfield
Finger pier at Brisbane International
Airport, Airport in Queensland, Australia
Linear configuration at Darwin
International Airport, Airport in Eaton,
Australia
@ U.S. Department of Transportation / Federal Aviation Administration
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Taxiway
 A taxiway is used by aircraft to facilitate their movements between runways and parking
areas. A taxiway is a path for aircraft at an airport connecting runways with aprons, hangars,
terminals and other facilities.
 When illuminated at night, runways are lined with white lights & taxiways are lined with Blue.
 The exceptions:
 1. Runways sometimes are used as taxiways, especially by oversized aircraft or where the physical
layout of the airport or surrounding terrain limits aircraft movements in general.
 2. Some taxiways are usable as runways by small aircraft -- especially unmanned aircraft -- when so
authorized.
 3. Some runways are only suitable for daytime use, and revert to being used as taxiways during hours
of darkness.
 4. Taxiways frequently are a preferred option for landing operations of Helicopters, since that keeps
them out of the way of active runways. Helipads often are designated and marked on taxiway
surfaces with blue lights.
A Runway at Chicago O’Hare
International Airport
(Photo: Carolyn Kaster, AP)
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Erratic Example: Parallel TAXIWAY- Temp. RUNWAY
 Oakland International Airport (OIA) is located in Oakland, California.
Problem- Need of an Immediate Rehabilitation of its main 10,000 foot long runway, Runway
11/29- South field
Conditions- Availability of TWO – FAA certified Runways –North Field
Contractor Bid: The contractor’s bid was approx.- 6 Million lower than the next Low bidder
Proposed- Converting Taxiways Bravo to Temporary Runway
Improvements Carried out - Taxiways Bravo, Charlie and Runway 9R/27L
Bottom line: 5 Days to rehabilitate the runway-
105,000 tons of Asphalt Concrete(FAA Specification,P-401) over 10,000 feet, 6 in Thickness
@Enrique Zamora, ASCE 2004
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Aviation
Maintenance
Technique
Supporting
Information
Acquisition
and
Processing
Aviation
Maintenance
Decision
Support
System
Air Material
Management
and Control
Aviation
Maintenance
Engineering
Management
Maintenance
Event
Evaluation
Aviation Maintenance-Decision Support System
 Information Acquisition and Processing
 Real-time Data Acquisition and Processing
 Historical Data Collection and Processing
 Aviation Maintenance Technique Supporting
 Maintenance Decision-Making
 Fault Diagnose Methods and Models
 Interactive Aviation Maintenance Technology Electronic Documents
 Air Material Management and Control
 Air Material Loss Model
 Air Material Inventory Control Strategy
 Air Material Inventory Control Strategy Execution
Efficient Decision Support Systems - Practice and Challenges in Multidisciplinary Domains
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Aviation Maintenance-Decision Support System
 Aviation Maintenance Engineering Management
 Maintenance Task Co-ordinating
 Maintenance Task Distribution
 Maintenance Plan Making
 Maintenance Event Evaluation
 Air Material Inventory Control Strategy Evaluation
 Fault Methods and Models Evaluation
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ASRS Program Overview
NASA Program Director
Linda Connell – Linda.J.Connell@nasa.gov
 ASRS receives reports from pilots, air traffic controllers, cabin crew, dispatchers, maintenance
technicians, and others involved in aviation operations.
 ASRS's report intake has been robust from the first days of the program, in which it averaged
approximately 400 reports per month. In recent years, report intake has grown at an
enormous rate. Intake now averages 1,774 reports per week and more than 7,686 reports per
month.
 ASRS is a highly successful and trusted program that has served the needs of the aviation
community for over 40 years. It is available to all participants in the National Airspace System
who wish to report safety incidents and situations. The ASRS identifies system deficiencies,
and issues alerting messages to persons in a position to correct them. It educates through its
newsletter CALLBACK, its journal ASRS Directline and through its research studies. Its database
is a public repository which serves the needs of the FAA and NASA, and those of other
organizations world-wide which are engaged in research and the promotion of safe flight
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Report Processing Flow
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ASRS Model Applied to International Aviation Community
 UNITED STATES: Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) [1976]
 UNITED KINGDOM: Confidential Human factors Incident Reporting Program (CHIRP) [1982]
 CANADA: Confidential Aviation Safety Reporting Program (CASRP) [1985], SECURITAS [1995]
 AUSTRALIA: CAIR [1988], Report Confidentially (REPCON) [2007]
 BRAZIL: Confidential Flight Safety Report (RCSV) [1997]
 JAPAN: Aviation Safety Information Network (ASI-NET) [1999], VOICES [2014]
 FRANCE: Confidential Events Reporting System (REC) [2000], REX [2011]
 TAIWAN: Taiwan Confidential Aviation Safety Reporting System (TACARE) [2000]
 SOUTH KOREA: Korean Aviation voluntary Incident Reporting System (KAIRS) [2000]
 CHINA: Sino Confidential Aviation Safety reporting System (SCASS) [2004]
 SINGAPORE: Singapore Confidential Aviation Incident Reporting (SINCAIR) [2004]
 SPAIN: Safety Occurrence Reporting System (SNS) [2007] Safety Reporting System – SEPLA (SRS) [2007]
 SOUTH AFRICA: Confidential Aviation Hazard Reporting System (CAHRS) [2013]
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 The Aviation System Performance Metrics (ASPM) online access system provides data on flights
to and from the ASPM airports (currently 77); and all flights by the ASPM carriers, including
flights by those carriers to international and domestic non-ASPM airports. All Instrument Flight
Rules and some Visual Flight Rules flights are included.
 ASPM Data- FAA Operations & Performance Data (http://aspm.faa.gov)
What is it?
 Integrated database of air traffic operations, airline schedules, operations and delays, weather
information, runway information, and related statistics.
What is it used for?
 Reporting and analysis of operating performance of the National Airspace System (NAS).
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Major Benefits:
 Internet interface to allow for quick analysis of large amount of operational data.
 System provides the capability to download data to individual analysts’ workstations for
further study.
Features:
 Data are available from January 2000 to present for 55 airports. Data for additional 20
airports are available from October 2004 to present.
 Actual traffic and airport information is confidential and access is restricted by
password.
 Data Source from ARINC’s Out-Off-On-In (OOOI), Enhanced Traffic Management System
(ETMS), US Department of Transportation’s Aviation’s Airline Service Quality Survey
(ASQP), weather data, airport arrival and departure rates (15-interval), airport runway
configurations and cancellations.
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Aviation - Product lifecycle Management (PLM)
 Challenges Arising: (Need of PLM)
 Continuous innovations
 Global collaborations
 Complex risk management.
 Intellectual assets in the form of product and process data must be accessible to anyone in the
value chain.
PLM : A business approach integrating people, processes, business systems and information to
manage the complete life cycle of a product across enterprises.
PLM enables the collaborative creation, management, dissemination, and use of product definition
and process operation information across the extended enterprise from market concept to product
retirement.
S G Lee, PLM in Aviation Management, Repair & Overhaul, 2008
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PLM - A Decision support tool
 Product lifecycle management (PLM) originated from two roots.
 Enterprise management
 Material resource planning (MRP)
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
 Customer relationship management (CRM)
 and Supply chain management (SCM)
 Because of the visibility across the complete lifecycle of a product, the
attendant Risks can be estimated.
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Airport Safety Management
Security
Threat
Department
Of Homeland
Security
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The Working Group represented the GA industry
as a whole.
Participating members included:
 Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association (AOPA)
 Airport Consultants Council (ACC)
 American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE)
 Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA)
 GA Manufacturers Association (GAMA)
 Helicopter Association International (HAI)
 National Air Transportation Association (NATA)
 National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO)
 National Business Aviation Association (NBAA)
 United States Parachute Association (USPA)
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Reference :
 Zhu Yanbo.; Zhang Xiaolin. & Tan Xijing. (2006). An Electronic Manual Analysis Method for Aircraft Maintenance Decision Supporting System.
Maintenance&Engineering,(April 2006),pp.28-30
 "AIRPORT PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM". https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/advisory_circular/150-5380-
7A/150_5380_7a.pdf. N.p., 2006. Web. 1 Mar. 2017.
 Neubauer, Kenneth, Dave Fleet, and Manuel Ayres, Jr. "A Guidebook For Safety Risk Management For Airports".
http://vsgc.odu.edu/ACRPDesignCompetition/2015/Resources%20for%20Design%20Competion%20Website/acrp_rpt_131_Safety%20Risk%20M
anagement%20for%20Airports.pdf. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 Mar. 2017.
 AC 150/5320-12, Measurement, Construction, and Maintenance of Skid Resistant Airport Pavement Surfaces.
 AC 150/5370-11, Use of Nondestructive Testing Devices in the Evaluation of Airport Pavements.
 AC 150/5380-6, Guidelines and Procedures for Maintenance of Airport Pavements.
 Qi Yanjie.; Lv Zhigang. & Song Bifeng. (2008). Design for Maintenance on Modern Airplane. Journal of Civil Aviation University of China,
Vol.26, No.5, (October 2008), pp. 5-9
 Harry A. Kinnison,Ph.D. (2004). Aviation Maintenance Management, The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc, ISBN 0-07-142251-X, New York, USA
 “ASRS Program Briefing”, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://asrs.arc.nasa.gov
 Peng Zhang, Shi-Wei Zhao, Bin Tan, Li-Ming Yu and Ke-Qiang Hua (2011). Applications of Decision Support System in Aviation Maintenance,
Efficient Decision Support Systems - Practice and Challenges in Multidisciplinary Domains, Prof. Chiang Jao (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-441-2,
InTech
 Report of the GA Airports Security Working Group, Aviation Security Advisory Committee, October 1, 2003.
 GA Airport Security Task Force Recommendations, American Association of Airport Executives, June 2002.
 GA Security, National Association of State Aviation Officials, December 2002.
 List of Aviation System Performance Metrics (ASPM) Airports : http://aspmhelp.faa.gov/index.php/ASPM_Airports
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