Subject: Stratigraphy and Structural Geology

1. Presented To:
Sir Faisal Memon
Presented By:
Aijaz Ahmed (K-17PG10)
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's
1

2.  A BRIEF HISTORY
OF EARTH SINCE
4.6 BILLION YEARS.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 2

3.  The Geological time scale
is a record of the life forms
and geological events in
Earth’s history.
 Scientists developed the
time scale by studying rock
layers and fossils world
wide.
 Radioactive dating
helped determine the
absolute divisions in the
time scale.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 3

4.  The largest
sections are called
“eons”.
 “Eons” are divided
into “eras” (the 2nd
largest section).
 “Eras” are divided
into “periods”.
 ‘Periods’ are
divided into
‘epochs”.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's
4

5.  Largest, most general division of
time.
 2 Eons
 The eons are: Cryptozoic
(Precambrian) eon and
Phanerozoic eon.
 Precambrian and Phanerozoic eon
both consists of three eras as
shown in the figure.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 5

6.  Each Eon is broken up into Eras.
 Major eras in Earth’s history:
• Archean (4600 mya - 2500 mya)
• Proterozoic (2500 mya - 540 mya)
• Paleozoic (540mya - 250mya)
• Mesozoic (250 mya - 65.5 mya)
• Cenozoic (65.5 mya – present)
*mya refers to million years ago.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 6

7.  Major changes in Earth’s history mark the boundaries
between the sections.
 Most sections have been divided because a major
organism developed or went extinct in each section.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's
7

8.  Each Era is divided into even
more specific blocks of time
called periods.
 Various geologic events are
associated with each period.
 Each period is again classified
into different epochs.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 8

9.  Lasted from 540 million years
ago to 4600 million years ago.
 Oldest and longest (covers
almost 90% of earth’s history).
 simple organisms- bacteria,
algae, protozoa was born.
 Oldest rocks that we know
were found in this eon which
dates to about 3.5 billion years
old.
 Divided into 2 eras:
Proterozoic and Archean era.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 9

10.  Lasted from 2500 million years ago –
4600 million years ago.
 Earliest plants (marine algae)
developed.
 The first life bacteria came into
existence (3800 million years ago).
 The oldest rocks (3500 million years
ago) were formed in this era.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 10

11.  Lasted from 540 million years ago
to 2500 million years ago.
 Marine invertebrates were probably
common, few with shells.
 Glaciations took place in this era,
probably worldwide.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 11

12.  Began from 540 million years ago and
is still continuing today.
 Divided into three eras:
i) Paleozoic era (Past life)
ii) Mesozoic era (Middle life)
iii) Cenozoic era (Present life)
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 12

13.  Began 570 million years ago and
ended 250 million years ago.
 Divided into 6 periods (Permian,
Carboniferous period, Devonian,
Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian).
 For the first time on Earth,
organisms had hard parts (shells,
exoskeletons).
 Evolution and development of
pteridophytes, amphibians, reptiles,
fishes, wing bearing insects,
trilobites etc. Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 13

14.  Lasted from 250 million years ago to
65 million years ago.
 Popularly known as Time of Reptiles.
 Divided into three periods: Triassic,
Jurassic and Cretaceous.
 Dinosaurs, mammals and
gymnosperms appeared.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 14

15.  From 65 million years ago to
present days.
 Divided into two periods:
Tertiary and Quarterny.
 Development of modern
mammals, angiosperms and
human beings.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 15

16. 16

17. i) Carboniferous Period
It lasted from 360 million years to 300
Million years. It is an important period
of Paleozoic era. During this period,
first reptiles and pteridophytes were
formed and coal plants got spread. The
dead bodies got buried in this period
forming the coals that we use today.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 17

18. It lied between 300 million years to
250 million years. It is also an
important period of Palaeozoic era.
Largest mass extinction happened in
this period. Scientists are not sure
what caused this mass extinction
(maybe climate change & volcanoes).
90% of ocean life and 78% of land life
died.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 18

19. Jurassic is an important period of
Mesozoic era. It lasted from 250
million years ago to 200 million
years ago. During this period, first
birds and mammals were formed.
Gymnosperms were dominating
plants. The dinosaurs were formed
in Triassic period reached at their
peak in this period.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 19

20. It is a period of Mesozoic era which
lasted from 150 million years ago to
65.5 million years ago. It marked the
end of the Mesozoic Era and the
beginning of the Cenozoic Era. All of
the dinosaurs and half of the other
animals & plants went extinct in this
period. Scientists think an asteroid
hit Earth, the dust clouds blocked out
the sun. As a result, plants died, then
herbivores, then carnivores.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 20

21. It is a period of Cenozoic era which
has been lasting from 1.8 million
years ago to present days. In this
period, the humans evolved as the
most intelligent creature of earth
and took over. It is divided into 2
epochs namely: Pleistocene and
Holocene.
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur mir's 21

22. 22