Cordia myxa L Article

ISSN: 0975 -8542
Journal of Global Pharma Technology
Available Online at: www.jgpt.co.in
RESEARCH ARTICLE
©2009-2019, JGPT. All Rights Reserved 266
Chemoprofiling of Active n-Hexane Fraction as Alpha-Glucosidase
Inhibitors from Kanunang (Cordia myxa L.) Leaves from Enrekang
South Sulawesi
Ahmad Najib1*, Virsa Handayani2, Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad3, La Hamidu1,
Rianti Anisa2
1. Division of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy-Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia.
2. Division of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy-Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia.
3. Division of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy-Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author: Ahmad Najib
Abstract
Kanunang (Cordia myxa L.) is a native plant from tropical Asia. This study aims to determine the profile
of chemical compounds contained in leaves of Kanunang (Cordia myxa) which can inhibit alpha-
glucosidase enzyme. Extraction of Kanunang leaves was done by maceration method using ethanol 96%
solvent for 3 days then filtered and thickened with rotary vacuum evaporator. Resulting extract with
yield value of 5%. The extract was fractionated using conventional column method with n-hexane: ethyl
acetate (10: 0) eluent. The n-hexane fraction was tested using the GC-MS instrument with the following
condition; injector temperature 250°C, initial oven temperature 70°C, up to 325°C increasing
10°C/minute. The results obtained was 24 compounds which have alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors
activity with maximum abundance at RT 12:43, as 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid, methyl ester
(C19H32O2) compound.
Keywords: Cordia myxa L.; Chemical profile; GC-MS; Alpha-glucosidase.
Introduction
Medicinal plants are a gift to humankind to
achieve a healthy life, free from disease. One
way that can be done to achieve these goals,
among others, is by optimizing the use of
medicinal plants that have been widely used
and proven empirically to give treatment
effect. Cordia myxa L. has several benefits in
medicine.
In several studies Cordia myxa L. has been
reported to have pharmacological effects such
as anti-gastric ulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-
inflammatory, anti-diabetic, degenerative,
anti-microbial and has potential as an
antioxidant [1].
Previous research by Syarif [2] showed that
the leaves of Kanunang (Cordia myxa L.)
plants has chemical content such as phenols,
steroids, flavonoids, and saponins. This is
also reassured by a review from Ali Esmail
Al-Snafi [3] which states that leaves of
several plants with genus Cordia, such as
C.martinicensis, C.myxa, C.serratifolia, and
C.ulmifolia contain four flavonoid glycosides,
robinin, routine, hesperidin, one flavonoid
aglycone, and two phenolic derivatives.
Based on the description above, further
research will be carried out regarding the
identification of chemical profiles in the n-
hexane fraction of Kanunang leaf (Cordia
myxa L.) to determine the chemical
components of alpha-glucosidase inhibiting
compounds contained in the leaf, using GC-
MS instruments.
Material and Method
Sample Processing
Sample of Cordia myxa L. leaf was taken in
Kab. Enrekang. The leaves that have been
taken then cleaned from the dirt that
attached by using tap water and then dried
using drying cabinet with temperature of ±
500 C. Then grinded, and ready to be
extracted [2].

Ahmad Najib et. al.| Journal of Global Pharma Technology|2019| Vol. 11| Issue 01 (Suppl.) |266-270
Sample Extraction and Fractionation
Cordia myxa L. leaf powder is inserted into
the maceration container, then ethanol is
added until the sample is submerged, left for
3 days in a closed jar and protected from
direct sunlight while stirred periodically,
after 3 x 24 hours filtering is done and the
residue is macerated again with new solvent.
The extract then evaporated using rotary
vacuum evaporator, then thick extracts
would be obtained [2].
Analysis Using GCMS (Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry)
The analysis that used to determine the
chemical profile in this study was a GCMS
instrument (Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometry). The content of each compound
in the sample has different retention time
and peak area in the chromatogram
according to the type of compound analyzed
[4]. The condition of the GC-MS used is as
follows: oven with a maximum temperature
of 325oC, with an initial temperature of 70oC
and raised gradually 10oC / minute to 325oC
with the time taken is 40 minutes. Mobile
phase is He (Helium), injection of 1 microliter
using split injection temperature of 250oC,
capillary column with a column length of 30
m, diameter 25 mm and particle size of 0.25
micro liters [4]. Detection of chemical content
is based on the computer's mass spectrum
evaluation from the sample through a ratio of
peaks and retention time and matching, also
by following the fragmentation
characteristics of the pattern of mass spectra
of certain classes of compounds [5].
Results
Kanunang with its Latin name Cordia myxa
L. has chemical content of phenols, steroids,
flavonoids, and saponins. This plant has
pharmacological effects such as anti-gastric
ulcer, hepatoprotective activity, anti-
inflammatory, antidiabetic, degenerative
diseases, anti-microbial, and potentially as
an antioxidant [1]. The purpose of this study
was to determine the chemical profile
contained in the n-hexane fraction of
Kanunang (Cordia myxa L.) leaves which can
be used as an alpha-glucosidase enzyme
inhibitor [7]. The results obtained from the
extraction of Kanunang (Cordia myxa L.)
leaves can be seen in the Table 1.
Table 1: Extraction Result from Kanunang (Cordia myxa L.) Leaf
Sample Weight (kg)
Ethanol Solvent
(mL)
Extract (g) Yield value
Kanunang (Cordia myxa L.) Leaf 2 2100 100 5%
The extraction results from kanunang
(Cordia myxa L.) leave then fractionated
using the Column Chromatography method,
resulting in 1 active fraction of n-hexane:
Ethyl acetate (10: 0) eluent, which was then
tested on GC-MS as seen on Table 2.
Table 2: The results of identification of alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors from the Kanunang (Cordia myxa L.)
leaf fraction using GCMS instrument
No
RT
(Retention Time)
% Area Suspected Compound
1 4,67 17,3 % Benzene, 1-etil-3-metil
2 4,91 20,8 % Benzene,1-2-3-trimetil
3 6,11 3,65 % 7-Tetradecyne
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
8,29
8,82
9,77
10,22
10,44
10,56
10,85
10,72
11,14
11,31
11,61
11,82
12,43
13,03
17,78
14,05
14,47
15,67
15,90
17,04
17,60
68,4 %
7,79%
13,7%
5,72%
54,9%
52,5%
42,6%
50,6%
82%
68,3%
22,1%
71,4%
54,8%
7,35%
8,92%
75,5%
5,02%
42,4%
9,78%
35,4%
15,7%
Fenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimetiletil)
Cetene
Dekana 5,6 bis (2,2 dimetilpropilida)
1-Nonadekana
Isopropil myristate
3,7,11,15-Tetrametil-2-Heksadekana-1-ol
As. Heksadekanoid, metil ester
Isophytol
As.Oktadekanoid, etil ester
Isopropil Palmitat
9,12,15 As.Oktadekatrianoid, metil ester
1-Docosene
Heptacosane
1-As.Propenoid, 3-(4-metoksifenil)-2-etilheksil ester
1-Heksadekanal 2 Metil
Bis (2-etilheksil) ftalat
1-Heksadekanal 2 Metil
1,3 As.Benzenedikarboksilat, bis 2-etil heksil ester
2,2,4-Trimetil-3-(3,8,2,16-tetrametilheptadeka, 3,7,11,15,
tetraenil-sikloheksanol)

Then the results of identification of alpha-
glucosidase enzyme inhibitors can be seen
more specifically based on GCMS instrument
data in the Figure 1 (a-c):
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 1: The chemical profile measured by GCMS in the sample of Kanunang leaf fraction with Retention Time (RT)
as follows: (a) 4.67 – 8.82, (b) 9.77-12.43, and (c) 13.03-17.60
Dıscussıon
Based on the data, it was shown that the
compounds appeared in measurements using
GCMS are compounds that can inhibit alpha-
glucosidase enzymes as anti-diabetes. From
several compounds that appear, one of the
compounds has a maximum abundance
Figure 2a-c.

(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 2: Fragmentation of alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors with an area of maximum abundance (a),
comparative standard fragmentation (b), and the results of comparison of alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors with
maximum abundance and comparative standard (c)
Diabetes mellitus is a hyperglycemia disease
which is marked by the absolute absence of
insulin or a decrease in relative cell
insensitivity to insulin [8]. Diabetes arises
because the body is unable to control the
level of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Diabetics
fail to produce adequate amounts of insulin.
Insulin produced by the pancreatic gland
works to control blood sugar levels. As a
result, there will be excess sugar in the body
[9]. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are one of
the antidiabetic agents that work by
inhibiting the action of alpha-glucosidase
enzymes. Reducing carbohydrate absorption
from food by the intestine is a therapeutic
approach for postprandial hyperglycemia.
Complex polysaccharides will be further
hydrolyzed into glucose by alpha-glucosidase
enzymes before entering the blood circulation
through absorption of the epithelium.
Synthetic amylase and alpha-glucosidase
inhibitors such as acarbose have been widely
used to treat patients with diabetes type II
but this drug is also reported to cause various
side effects [10]. The results of the analysis
after analyzed with GCMS is in the form of

24 peaks, where the peak with the largest
peak area was seen at Retention Time (RT)
12.43, which was seen as 9,12,15
Octadecatrienoic Acid methyl ester
compound.
Conclusıon
Based on the research that has been done, it
can be concluded that there are 24 chemical
compounds that can work as alpha-
glucosidase enzyme inhibitors found in the
Kanunang (Cordia myxa L.) Leaf fraction,
where the compound with the widest peak
area is seen in RT 12.43, which is 9, 12, 15
Octadecatrienoic Acid methyl ester
compound.
References
1. Hussain N, Kakoti DB (2013) Revıew
Artıcle Revıew On Ethnobotany And
Phytopharmacology Of Cordıa dıchotoma.
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Antıoksıdan Dengan Menggunakan
Metode Peredaman Radıkal Dpph Ekstrak
Etanol Daun Cordia myxa L. J
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ELISA Test on Cordia myxa L. Leaf
Extract for α-Glucosidase Inhibitor.
Pharmacogn J., 11(2):358-61. DOI :
10.5530/pj.2019.11.54
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Glucosidase. Int. J. of Pharm. Tech.
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Original Article
358 Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol 11, Issue 2, Mar-Apr, 2019
INTRODUCTION
Cordia myxa L. belongs to family Boraginaceae, this
plant family around 2740 species distributed in 148
genera. The genus Cordia is one of the most presenting
of this family. Cordia is a genus of trees or shrubs the
borage family.1
About 300 species have been identified
worldwide that use as folk medicine in Indonesia.2
The
phytochemical qualitative analysis showed that Cordia
myxa L. contain the presence of oil, glycosides, flavo-
noids, sterols, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic
acids, coumarins, tannins, resins, gums and mucilage.3
The methanolic extracts from this plants species
have reported as the antioxidant and α-amylase and
α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity.4
Nondependent insulin Diabetes Mellitus (NIDM) or
type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is correlated with the
α-glucosidase inhibitors, this enzyme which is present
in the brush border of enterocytes in the intestinal villi.
Overall, the α-glucosidase inhibitors reduce postpran-
dial insulin concentrations through the attenuated rise
in postprandial glucose levels.5
The mechanism of α-glucosidase inhibitors base on
inhibited the enzyme subtract react with an enzyme
on room temperature.6
Data resources from the absor-
bance measurement by the spectrophotometer on
specific maximum wave length.5
The resulting base
on the IC50
value of sample compares with the IC50
of
positive control.7
The on this case IC50
value will show
the best activity if equal or less than IC50
value of posi-
tive control.8
On this method the researcher will need
relatively more sample to investigate5
so to reduce the
needs of the sample it will use by another method such
ELISA Test on Cordia myxa L. Leaf Extract for α-Glucosidase
Inhibitor
ABSTRACT
Aimed: Determine the potential of Cordia myxa L. leaf on inhibited α-glucosidase. Mate-
rial: ELISA Kit, Ethanol 96%, Colomn Chromatography, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, Glocobay®.
Method: Sample from Cordia myxa L. leaf extracted by ethanol 96% then evaporated to get
the sticky extract.The sticky extract of Cordia myxa L. leaf fractionated by column chromatog-
raphy with n-hexane, n-hexane: ethyl acetate (90:10; 80:20; 75:25; 70:30; 65:35; 60:40; 55:45;
50:50) Assay: The fractions assayed by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) with
acarbose (Glucobay ®) as the comparator. Result:The results showed that the n-hexane frac-
tion is the highest potency on inhibited α-glucosidase with the noncompetitive mechanism.
The IC50
of n-hexane fraction is 0.53 ppm been while the acarbose is 6.85 ppm. Conclusion:
The n-hexane fraction of Cordia myxa L. leaf has the highest potency to use for possible de-
crease blood glucose level.
Key words: Cordia myxa L., ELISA, α-Glucosidase, IC50
, Acarbose.
Ahmad Najib1,
*, Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad1
, Virsa Handayani2
Ahmad Najib1,
*, Aktsar
Roskiana Ahmad1
, Virsa
Handayani2
1
Phytochemistry Division-Pharma-
cognosy-Phytochemistry Laboratory,
Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Muslim
Indonesia, Makassar- INDONESIA.
2
Pharmacognosy Division-Pharma-
cognosy-Phytotochemistry Laboratory,
Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Muslim
Indonesia, Makassar- INDONESIA.
Correspondence
Mr. Ahmad Najib
Universitas Muslim Indoensia, Laboratory
of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy Kampus II UMI,
Makassar- INDONESIA.
Phone no : +62 81524045514
E-mail: ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id
History
• Submission Date: 31-10-2018;
• Review completed: 27-11-2018;
• Accepted Date: 30-11-2018
DOI : 10.5530/pj.2019.11.54
Article Available online
http://www.phcogj.com/v11/i2
Copyright
© 2019 Phcog.Net. This is an open-
access article distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International license.
Cite this article: Najib A, Ahmad AR, Handayani V. ELISA Test on Cordia myxa L. Leaf Extract for
α-Glucosidase Inhibitor. Pharmacog J. 2019;11(2):358-61.
as ELISA.9
This research will use it to investigate the
inhibitory of α-glucosidase by Cordia myxa L. leaf.
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Sample Preparation
Cordia myxa L. leaf from Enrekang regency South
Celebes-Indonesia. The taxonomic identification by
the Botanical division of Pharmacognosy-Phyto-
chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univer-
sitas Muslim Indonesia. The 2.15 Kg dried sample
by room temperature was grind then extracted by
5 liters’ ethanol 95%, this process was done four
times. The liquid extract then evaporated to give the
gummy extract.10
Sample Fractionation
The gummy extract fractioned by column chroma-
tography with silica gel G. 60 (Merck®) with n-hex-
ane, n-hexane: ethyl acetate (90:10; 80:20; 75:25;
70:30; 65:35; 60:40; 55:45; 50:50). Results of fractions
identify by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)11
to
investigate the chromatogram profile.12
ELISA Test on Fractions
Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA)13
on fraction base on scale down from previous
research5
using the reaction mixture consisting 25 µL
of 2 mM p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside (Sigma
Chemical Co.), 49.5 µL phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)
adding to flask contains 0.5 µL of sample dissolved

Najib, et al.: Elisa Test, Cordia myxa L., α-Glucosidase Inhibitor
Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol 11, Issue 2, Mar-Apr, 2019 359
in DMSO at various concentration (0.31-2.5 µg mL-1).
The reaction mixture was pre-incubated for 5 min at 37°C, the reaction
was started by adding 25 µL α-glucosidase (Sigma) incubation was con-
tinued from 30 min. The reaction stopped by adding 1 ml of 0.01 M
Na2
CO3
. The activity of α-glucosidase was determined by measuring the
release of p-nitro phenol at 400 nm. Acarbose (Glucobay®
) positive
control of α-glucosidase.5
Kinetics of Inhibition Against α-glucosidase
Inhibition of sample with α-glucosidase activities was measured by
increasing concentration of p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside as a
substrate in the absence or presence of samples at different concentra-
tions. Inhibition type was determined by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis
of the data, which were calculated from the result according to Michaelis-
Menten kinetics.14
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
After four times maceration with ethanol 96%, the result of extraction
shown Table 1.
This research used ethanol because it can extract more active com-
pound than the others.15
Water and various concentrations (50%, 75%
and 100%) This solvent has the lower toxicity and record experiments
results were investigated to find that ethanol concentration, solvent/
solid ratio and time to increase the extraction yiled16
The effect of dif-
ferent solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone and distilled water) and the
extraction yield increases with increasing polarity of the solvent used in
extraction.15
Water and various concentrations (50%, 75% and 100%)
After evaporated and fractioned with n-hexane and n-hexane: ethyl
acetate on various concentration then obtained to investigate the chro-
matogram17
as shown in Figure 1.
Chromatogram showed that there are 10 fraction obtained some spot
representing of many compound.18
To clarify the amount of compound
on the sample we use UV-Vis spectrophotometer19
as shown in Figure 2.
Analysis of UV-Vis spectrum on sample identified 4 peaks. It important
to know that sensitivity of this equipment can detect the compound
which is cannot detect by TLC.20
The data above will assist to investi-
gated for furthermore for the compounds from the sample by elucida-
tion method to determinate the potential compound that can inhibit the
α-glucosidase.21
ELISA assay on the sample as showed on Table 2.
The results on Table 2 regarding the potential for inhibitory of
α-glycosidase have been proofed on sample22
even the IC50
there are
more potent than acarbose. Since the 6th
fraction showed that the activity
has been decreasing; it mean the active compound are reducted from the
fractions before.
The mechanism of kinetic reaction base on Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis
from the sample has been calculated and plotted on Figure 3, below
Regarding on graphic above the inhibitory base on noncompetitive
mechanism because of intercept on each line not on Y axis.23
This mech-
anism makes a chance to investigate on in silico method on our next
research as we have been determining on another sample.24
Table 1: The results of the calculations percent yield of ethanol extract of
Cordia myxa L. leaf.
Solvent
The weight of
the sample (Kg)
The weight of
extract (g)
Yield (%)
Ethanol 96 % 2.15 100 4.65
Table 2: The results of the ELISA assay on a fraction of Cordia myxa L. leaf.
Sample
Comparison of solven
(n-hex : EtoAc)
Activity from IC50
value (ppm)
Ethanol extract - 4.44
Acarbose
(Glucobay®
)
- 6.85
1st
Fraction n-hex 0.53
2nd
Fraction 90:10 5.81
3rd
Fraction 80:20 0.89
4th
Fraction 75:25 2.43
5th
Fraction 70:30 0.91
6th
Fraction 65:35 7.55
7th
Fraction 60:40 9.28
8th
Fraction 55:45 12.60
9th
Fraction 50:50 16.52
Figure 1: Chromatogram on a fraction.
Description: Stationary phase = Silica gel F254
Mobile phase = n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7:3)
Apparatus: Camag Nanomat 4
Detector: UV light 366 nm
Figure 2: UV-Vis Spectrum on Sample.

360 Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol 11, Issue 2, Mar-Apr, 2019
CONCLUSION
The n-hexane fraction of Cordia myxa L. leaf have a potential activity to
inhibit α-glucosidase related by the highest potency to use for decrease
blood glucose level blood with IC50
value 0.53 ppm with kinetic mechanism
of inhibitory from sample base on noncompetitive.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thank you to Directorate Research, Technology and High Education,
Ministry of Research, Technology and High Education Republic Indonesia
for funding this research for grant Basic Research for University Institu-
tion (PDUPT-RISTEK DIKTI) 2018.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that their is no conflict of interest.
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Figure 3: Lineweaver-Burke plot of the reaction α-glucosidase in the
presence of sample.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT SUMMARY
• Since Cordia myxa L. use to cure disease related to diabetes mellitus as a folk
medicine this research finding the data to support the empirical base. This
research focused on the mechanism of α-glucosidase inhibition one of three
mechanisms that can cure the diabetic patient. By Enzyme-Linked Immuno-
sorbent Assay (ELISA) this research has conducted. There are many fractions
have been assayed thus resulted that n-hexane fraction has the best inhibition
with IC50
0.53 ppm.
Ahmad Najib: Phytochemistry Division, Pharma-
cognosy-Phytochemistry Laboratory Faculty of
Pharmacy Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makas-
sar-Indonesia.
ABOUT AUTHORS

Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol 11, Issue 2, Mar-Apr, 2019 361
Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad: Phytochemistry Division: Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry Laboratory Faculty of Phar-
macy Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar-Indonesia
Virsa Handayani: Pharmacognosy Division Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry Laboratory Faculty of Pharmacy Uni-
versitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar-Indonesia.
Cite this article: Najib A, Ahmad AR, Handayani V. ELISATest on Cordia myxa L. Leaf Extract for α-Glucosidase Inhibitor. Pharmacog
J. 2019;11(2):358-61.

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