The document provides a comprehensive overview of the Linux operating system, covering its definition, history, architecture, features, and components. It compares Linux with other operating systems like Windows and iOS, discusses its merits and demerits, and outlines its use in various fields, including commercial applications. Ultimately, it suggests that Linux is most suitable for programmer-based environments, while non-programmers may find it challenging.

2. Contents
 Operating System & Features
 Definition & Naming of Linux
 History of Linux
 Components of Linux
 Basic Features of Linux
 Architecture of Linux
 About Kernel
 User-Interface View of Linux
 CLI/GUI View of Linux
 Distribution of Linux
 Hardware Requirement of Linux
 Software Application of Linux
 Different Editors of Linux
 Comparison between Linux with other Operating System
 Important Commands of Linux
 Merits/Demerits of Linux
 Use of Linux in the various fields
 Commercial use of Linux
 Conclusion

3. Operating System
An operating system is a software that communicates with the
hardware and allows other programs to be run.
Features of Operating System:
o Task Scheduling
o Memory Management
o Network Communication Handling
o Data and User Security

4. Definition & Naming of Linux
Operating System
 The Linux open source operating system, or Linux
OS, is a freely distributable, cross-platform operating
system based on Unix that can be installed on PCs,
laptops, notebooks, mobile and tablet devices, video
game consoles, servers, supercomputers and more.
 It was developed by Linus Torvalds.
 Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention "Freax”
i.e., Free, Freak + x as an allusion to Unix. In this
project his partner Mr. A.L.Torvalds did not think it’s a
good name, So they finally decided named their
project name as “Linux”.

5. History of Linux Operating System
 UNIX: 1969 Thompson & Ritchie AT&T Bell
Labs.
 Commercial Vendors: Sun, HP, IBM, SGI, DEC.
 GNU: 1984 Richard Stallman, FSF.
Open Source: GPL.

6. Components of Linux System
a) Kernel − Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all
major activities of this operating system.
b) System Library − System libraries are special functions or programs
using which application programs or system utilities accesses
Kernel's features
c) System Utility − System Utility programs are responsible to do
specialized, individual level tasks.

7. Basic Features of Linux
a) Portable − Portability means software can works on different types
of hardware in same way.
b) Open Source − Linux source code is freely available and it is
community based development project.
c) Multiprogramming − Linux is a multiprogramming system means
multiple applications can run at same time.
d) Security − Linux provides user security using authentication
features like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/
encryption of data.

8. Architecture of Linux Operating System

9. The architecture of Linux contains some layers :
a) Hardware layer − Hardware consists of all
peripheral devices (RAM/ HDD/ CPU etc).
b) Kernel − It is the core component of Operating
System, interacts directly with hardware, provides
low level services to upper layer components.
c) Shell − It takes commands from the user and
executes kernel's functions.
d) Utilities − Utility programs that provide the user
most of the functionalities of an operating systems.

10. About Kernel
 It interacts with the actual hardware in machine
language.
 It is the monarch who has overall control of
everything.
 It has various functions such as file management ,
data transfer between file system and hardware,
memory management, scheduling of various programs
in the memory, interrupts issues.

11. User-Interface of Linux
 The user interface is either a command line interface (CLI),
a graphical user interface (GUI), or through controls are
associated with hardware.
 CLI shells are text based user interfaces, which use text for
both input and output.
 On desktop systems, the most popular user interfaces are
the GUI shells.
 Most popular user interfaces are based on the X Window
System, often simply called "X".

12. CLI view of Linux

13. Desktop View of Linux

14. Inside view of Linux

15. Distribution of Linux
 Corel Linux
 Debian GNU/Linux
 OpenLinux (Caldera)
 Red Hat
 Ubuntu
 TurboLinux

16. Hardware requirements to
installing Linux
 CPU
 Main memory
 Optical Drive
 Graphic card
 Hard Drive
 Sound Card

17. Software application for Linux
 OpenOffice: word processing, spreadsheets,
drawing
 Adobe Acrobat Reader
 Konqueror: The KDE File Manager and Web
Browser
 TV, Video, Radio, and Webcam

18. Editors of Linux
 There are some editors in Linux
a) Vi/Vm editor
b) Gedit editor
c) Nano editor
d) GNU Emacs editor
e) Kate/Kwrite editor
f) Lime Text editor
and many more.

19. Now
Comparison of Linux with Other
Operating System

20. Linux v/s Windows
 Linux is freely available or online downloads, for
windows companies have pay for their license.
 Windows need up to date time to time, its updating
process is slower than Linux.
 Linux supports backward compatibility unlike to the
windows.
 Most of the software made on the windows are need to
be licensed but in Linux all of them are freely
available.

21. Linux v/s IOS
 Hardware Requirement:
IOS has restrictive hardware requirement, while Linux does
not.
 Customizability:
IOS keep restrictions in the arrangement of your data or
display whereas Linux can make it simpler as you want.
 Security:
In the terms of security both of them are highly secured,
they did not give direct permission to their system
administrator.

22. Commands of Linux
 There are some commands in Linux which give direct
accessories to the files by using terminal.
Some of them are:
ls- (List Command)
mv- (Move Command)
mkdir- (Make Directories)
rmdir- (Remove Directory)
locate- (Locate Directory) etc..,

23. Why we use Linux?
 Costless
 Stable
 Reliable
 Extremely powerful
 Highly Secure

24. Merits and Demerits of Linux
 It can be easily accessible to the old computers .
 It cannot be made for gaming purpose.
 It is not easy to understand for those who are new to
Linux.
 It is mostly used by the programmers.
 It is used for both commercial and personal but for
home purpose, for this Windows is mostly preferred.

25. Use of Linux in various fields
It is used also used in the department of Defence, Education.
It is also popular in the field of Banking or Government Sector.
Android App
Development
Operating System for
Routers/Transmittin
g Devices.
Game Designing

26. Commercial use of Linux Operating
System
 Adoption of Linux in production environments, rather
than being used only by hobbyists, its widely started in
the mid-off 1990s for supercomputing purpose.
 Today, Linux systems are used throughout computing,
from embedded systems to supercomputers and
provide a secured place in server installations such as
the popular LAMP application stack.
 Linux also achieve a greatest success in the field of
mobile development with the Android by providing
ease-access and high security feature.

27. Conclusion
“When is it best to use Linux and when should some
other operating system be preferred?”
It all depends on the user.
Linux is only for the programmer-based environment
not for the non-programmer because it is difficult to
understand.

28. Thank You
Submitted by:
Achyut Sinha
CSE 2nd Year