english source from fundamental of english grammar 3rd edition

2.  Simple present and present progressive
 Frequency adverbs
 Final –s
 Non action verbs
 Present verbs : short answers

3.  Expresses daily habits or usually activities
Example :
a. Ann takes a shower every day
b. I usually read the newspaper in the morning
OR
Expresses general statements of fact
Example :
c. Babies cry. Birds fly

4. In sum, the simple present is used for
events or situation that exist always,
usually, or habitually in the past,
present, and future

5.  Expresses an activity that is in progress ( is occurring, is
happening ) right now.
 The event is in progress at the time the speaker is saying the
sentence.
 The event began in the past, is in progress now, and will
probably continue into the future.
 Form : am, is, are + ing
Example :
a. Ann can’t come to the phone right now because she is
taking a shower .
b. I am reading my grammar book right now.

6. Simple Present Present Progressive
Statement I-You-We-They work.
He-She-It works.
I am working.
You-We-They are working.
He-She-It is working.
Negative I-You-We-they do not work
He-she-It does not work
I am not working.
You-We-They are not working.
He-She-It is not working.
Question Do I-We-You-They work ?
Does He-She-It work ?
Am I working ?
Are You-We-They working ?
Is He-She-It working ?
Contraction
Pronoun + be
I + am = I’m working
You-We-They + are = You’re, We’re, They’re working
He-She-It + is = He’s, She’s, It’s working
Do + not does + not = doesn’t She doesn’t work
do + not = don’t I don’t work
Be + not is + not = isn’t He isn’t working
are + not = aren’t they aren’t working
am + not = am not I am not working

8. 1. The baby (sleep ) ………. . The baby (sleep ) ……. For ten hours every night.
2. I (sit ) …….. at my desk . I usually (sit )………at the same desk in class every day
3. Ali (speak ) ……… Arabic, but right now he (speak ) …… English.
4. A : (it, rain )…….a lot in California ?
B : No, the weather (be )…… usually warm and sunny.
5. A : Look out the window. (it, rain )…… ? Should I take my umbrella ?
B : It (start )……..to sprinkle
6. A : Look, It’s Ahmad.
B : Where ?
A : Over there. He (walk )…….out of the bakery.

9. 100 %
0 %
Always
Almost always
Usually*
Often*
Frequenly*
Generally*
Sometimes*
Occasionally*
Positive
Seldom
Rarely
Hardly ever
Almost never
Not ever, never
negative
• Frequency adverbs usually occur in the middle of a
sentence and have a special position
• The adverbs with the symbol “ * “ may also occur at the
beginning or end of a sentence
Example :
I sometimes get up at 6:30
Sometimes I get up at 6;30
I get up at 6;30 sometimes
• The other adverbs in the list ( the ones not marked by
“*” ) rarely occur at the beginning or end of a sentence,
their usual positon is in the middle of a sentence

10.  Frequency adverbs usually come between the subject and the simple present verb (
except main verb be )
Example :
Subject + freq adv + verb
Karen always tells the truth.
 Frequency adverbs follow be in the simple present ( am, is, are ) and simple past (
was, were )
Example :
Subject + be + freq adv
Karen is always on time.
 In a question, freq adv come directly after the subject
Example :
Do you always eat breakfast ?
 In a negative sentence , most freq adv come in front of negative verbs ( except always
and ever ). Always follows a negative helping verb or negative be
example :
a. Ann usually doesn’t eat breakfast
b. She doesn’t always eat breakfast

11.  Negative adverbs ( seldom, rarely, hardly ever, never ) are NOT used with a negative verb
Example :
Correct : Anna never eats meat.
Incorrect : Anna doesn’t never eat meat.
 Ever is used in question about frequency, as in (a). It means “at any time”.
Ever is also used with not, as in (b)
Ever is NOT used in statements
example :
a. – Do you ever take the bus to work ?
- yes, I do. I often take the bus.
b. I don’t ever walk to work
Incorrect : I ever walk to work

12. a. SINGULAR : one bird
b. PLURAL : two birds, three birds,
many birds, all birds, etc
SINGULAR = one, not two or
more
PLURAL = two,three, many or
more
c. Birds sing.
d. A bird sings.
A plural noun ends in -s,as in (c).
A singular verb ends in –s, as in
(d).
e. A bird sings outside my window.
It sings loudly.
She sings songs to her children.
He sings very well.
A singular verb follows a singular
subject.
Add –s to the simple present verb
if the subject is :
1. A singular noun (e.g. a bird,
Tom, Suzie)
2. He, she or it.
Adding –s letters to the singular verb or plural noun

13. a. Visits  visits
Speak  speaks
b. Ride  rides
Write  writes
Final –s, not –es is added to most
verbs.
Many verbs end in –e. final –s is
simply added.
c. Catch  catches
wash  washes
miss  misses
fix  fixes
buzz  buzzes
Final –es is added to words that
end in –ch, -sh, -s, -x and -z
d. Fly  flies
e. pay  pays
If a word ends in a consonant + -
y change the –y to –I and add –es.
If a word ends in a vowel
(a,i,u,e,o) + -y, simply add -s
f. Go  goes
Do  does
Have  has
The singular forms of the verb
go, do and have are irregular

14. a. I know Ms. Chan
incorrect : I am knowing Ms. Chan
b. I am hungry. I want a sandwich
incorrect : I am wanting a sandwitch
c. This book belongs to Mike.
incorrect : This book belonging to
Mike
Some verbs are not used in progressive
tenses. These verbs are called non action
verbs. They express a situation that
exists, not an action in progress or the
verbs that related to the five senses, like
:
Feel, hear, notice, see, smell, sound and
taste
d. I think that grammar is easy.
e. I am thinking about grammar right
now.
f. Tom has a car.
g. I’m having a good time.
Think and have can be used in the
progressive
In (d) : when think means “believe”, it is
nonprogressive.
In (e) : When think expresses thoughts
that are going throught a person’s mind,
it can be progressive.
In (f) : When have means “own” or
expresses possession, it is not used in
the progressive.
In (g) : In expressions where have does
not mean “own” (e.g. have a good time,
have trouble, have a problem, etc ) have
can be used in the progressive.

15. Questions with
Do/Does
Questions with
Be
Question Short Answer Long Answer
Does Bob like tea?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’t.
Yes, he likes tea.
No, he doesn’t like tea
Do you like tea ?
Yes, I do.
No, I don’t.
Yes, I like tea.
No, I don’t like tea.
Are you studiying ?
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.
Yes, I’m studiying.
No, I’m not studiying.
Is Yoko a student ?
Yes, she is.
No, she isn’t.
Yes, she is a student.
No, she’s not a
student. OR No, she
isn’t a student.
Are they studiying ?
Yes, they are.
No, they’re not. OR
No, they aren’t.
Yes, they are
studiying.
No, They’re not
studiying. OR No, they
aren’t studiying.