2. HISTORY
• Claudius Galen (129-216 AD) described the spleen as “PLENUM
MYSTERII ORGANUM” or “the organ full of mystery”
• In 1893, Reigner published the first documented successful
splenectomy in the German Literature.
• Operative mortality rates remained high until the 1950s
• In modern English, “to vent one's spleen” means one's anger, eg
by shouting (BAD TEMPER).
3. ANATOMY
• Wedge shaped, Purplish, Plulpy mass.
• Development : dorsal mesogastrium.
• Largest Lymphoid organ.
• Completely encircled by peritonium except at hilum.
• It is most commonly injured solid organ in blunt injury
abdomen.
• Protected by lower thoracic cage.
7. LIGAMENTS
• Gastrosplenic: Short gastric &
Left gastro omental vessels
• Splenorenal: Splenic vessels &
tail of pancreas.
• Splenocolic: In contact with
lower pole of spleen, at danger
during splenectomy
8. ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS
Accessory Spleens: Splenenculi
• MC congential anamoly
• 20-30% incidence
• Found near the hilum >80%
• other sites: Gastrocolic lig, Tail of
pancreas, Greater omentum, etc.
9. PHYSIOLOGY
• Acts as filter of Reticulo-endothelial
system
• Humoral immunity: Produces Ig M,
Opsonis, properidin.
• Activation of complement system
• Source of extramedullary
hematopoiesis
10. INITIAL ASSESSEMENT
• History: Victims sitting in the Left Side of the car.
• Type & nature of the weapon.
• If weapon is gun: Caliber of the gun
is important
11. MODES OF INJURY
• Blunt trauma:
Rapid decelaration (MVA), Direct blow to abdomen ( Domestic
voilence, activities such as bicylcling, rowing of boat, etc)
• Penetrating trauma:
Voilence, Gun shot injuries, etc.
• Iatrogenic: Post procedures.
• Spontaneous rupture: Malaria, Infectious mononucleosis
12. ASSOCIATED INJURIES
• Fracture of left lower ribs.
• Left lung/diaphragm injury.
• Left sided hemothorax
• Tail of pancreas injury
• Left kidney injury
• Left colonic injury
15. PER ABDOMEN EXAMINATION
• External bruise may be seen in the left upper
quadrant.
• Abdominal distension
• Decreased movment of left upper quadrant.(LUQ)
• Tenderness in LUQ/ all over the abdomen.
16. SIGNS
KEHR SIGN: Hans kehr,
Germany
• Clot collected under left
diaphragm irritates it &
the phrenic nerve,
causing reffered pain in
left shoulder after foot
end elevation.
17. SIGNS
• SEAT BELT SIGN:
Abdominal wall contusion or hematoma in site of seat belt
18. SIGNS
BALLANCE SIGN: Charles Alfred Ballance, UK.
• Persistent dullness to percussion in the left
flank due to coagulated blood.
• Shifting dullness to percussion in the right
flank due to fluid/blood
19. INVESTIGATIONS
• In unstable patients : Hemoglobin, Blood grouping &
arranging blood.
• No specific lab studies specific to splenic injuries.
20. FAST
ADVANTAGES:
• Non invasive
• Quickily asseses visceral
injuries, intra/retro peritoneal
fluid collections
DISADVANTAGES:
• Not reliable if blood <100ml
• Not identify injuried hollow
viscus
21. PLAIN CHEST X-RAY.
• Left lower rib fracture.
• Left hemidiaphragm
elevation, left lower lobe
atelectasis & pleural
effusion.
22. DIAGNOSTIC PERITONEAL LAVAGE
• Main diagnostic tool for
abdominal trauma in past.
• 10ml (blood/stool) +DPL
• Senistivity: 97-98%
• Complication rate: 1%
23. CECT SCAN
• Hemoperitoneum
• Blood density fluid throughout abdomen
• Hypodense regions in region of spleen
• Contrast BLUSH
34. ADJUNCTS TO SPLENOPRRHAPHY
• Hemostatic agents afforded
by temporary packs.
• Argon lasers for lager
splenic tear.
• Stapling devices (quicker
but cause ischemia or
tearing)
• Absorbale meshes around
the badly injured spleen.
35. SPLENECTOMY
• Position: Supine.
• General Anesthesia.
• Incisons: Midline, Left subcostal.
• Usually midline laprotomy incision is preffered.
36. ...CONTINUED
• Incision deepend to access
peritoneal cavity
• Pack 4 quadrants of peritoneal
cavity
• Suck out all the free blood and
clots
• Remove the packs starting from
least area of bleeding.
• Use your fingers to temporarily
sucure hemostasis at the hilum.
41. PARTIAL SPLENECTOMY
• During Partial splenectomy for
extensive injury to splenic
segment, transverse
intraparenchymal arteries may
continue to bleed.
• Some transverse spurting vssels
can be made hemostatic using
electrocoagulation.
• Where as other bleeding vessels
require 4-0 silk suture placed in a
figure-eight manner.
42. EMBOLISATION
• Tc99/ colloid labeled contrast
angiogram.
• Presence of blush /Pseudo
aneurysm pattern
• Transarterial embolisation
using polyvinly
alcohol/silicone/acrylic embolic
spheres.
• Reduce post operative
hemorrhage
47. OVERWHELMING POSTSPLENECTOMY INFECTION
• A rapidly fatal infection following removal of spleen.
• Mostly occurs during first 2years post splenectomy.
• Common Organisms:
1. S.pneumonia (50-90%)
2. H.influeza
3. N.meningitis.
Mortality :50-70%
48. OPSI
• Mechanism: organism with polysaccharide capsules
need opsonization with IgG3 or C3b which attaches to
special macrophages found in spleen.
• Post splenectomy patients have lack of macrophages.
• Flu like symptoms, Meningitis or sepsis.
• Rapidly progressive in 12-48hrs post onset.
49. OPSI
• Other organisms include: Streptococcus species,
salmonella, Babesiosis.
High risks:
• Children <5yrs/ >50yrs old.
• Splenectomty for haemoglobinopathies (Thalasemeia,
Sickle cell), Myelodysplasia, malignancies.
52. TAKE HOME MESSAGE
• Spleen is an important organ, we must try to conserve it.
• Clinical examination has vital role in diagnosing & treating
splenic injuries
• CECT is the Investigation of choice
• Hemodynamically unstable patients: directly to be taken
to Operation theatre.
53. TAKE HOME MESSAGE
• Splenic artery embolisation has got definitive role.
• Enlarged spleens are more susceptible to injury.
• OPSI is devastating sequelae of splenectomy.
• Prophylaxis against OPSI is must (in case it is elective).
or even if the lovers are good match, their love might be ruined by war, death or sickness, so tht the affair lasts on instant. Their time together might be as fleeting as a shadow or as short as any dream, lasting only long as it takes a lightning bolt to flash across the sky. before you can say look, its gone. that's how intense thing like love are quickly destroyed.
It is the most common cause of massive bleeding in blunt abdominal trauma to a solid organ.
pediatric spleen: implies reduced need of operative intervention.
adult: -100-250gms.
two ends
ANTERIOR of LATERAL END is expanded and us more like a border • POSTERIOR OF MEDIAL END is rounded I rests on upper pole of left kidney
Three borders
SUPERIOR BORDER us notched near the anterior vend
INFERIOR BORDER is rounded INTERMEDIATE BORDER is also rounded and directed to the right
T20 swyaces
· DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE us convex and smooth
VISCERAL SURFACE is concave and werequlor
Two angles
• ANTE ROBASAL ANGLE - It is the junction of superior border with LATERAL Or ANT - It us the most forward projeding part of spleen
• POSTEROBASPL ANGLE - junction of inferior borde with lateral or ant end of spleen
ARTERIAL SUPPLY
The spleen us supplied by SPLENIC ARTERY which us the largest branch
of the COELIAC TRUNK.
- It passes through the leinorenal ligament to reach the hilum where it divides into FIVE OR MORE BRANCHES
- These branches enter the spleen to supply it within the spleen, et diuder vrepeatedly eto forn straight Vessels called PENICILi, which further divide into ELLIPSOIDS and arterial CAPILLARIES
according to CLOSED THEORY OF SPLENIC CIRWLATION, capillaus are continuous with the venous vaunusoids that lie in the RED PULP
• According to OPEN THEORY OF SPLENIC CIRCULATION, capillaris cend by opening unto the red pulp prom where brood envers sinusoids Through uau
Others before un a com PROMISE THEORY, Where circulation us open un distendid spleen and closed un contracted spleen
SPLENIC VEIN is formed at the hilum of the Spleen
- It joins the SUPERIDR MESENTERIC VEIN to form the PORTAL VEIN behind the neck of the pancreas
Its tributaries are the SHORT GASTRIC, LEFT CASTROEPIPLOIC, PANCREATIC and
INFERIOR MESENTERIC VEINS
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
- splenic lissue has no lymphatics,
few lymphatics arise from connective di sues of capsule ancd drain
undo PANCREATICOSPLENIC LYMPH NODES Situated along the splenic artery
NERVE SUPPLY
- Sympathetic fibres are derived from the coeliac plexux: They areVASOMOTOR in nature.
They also supply some smooth muscles in the capsule
type & nature of weapon is important in penetrating injuries.
1lakh RBC/mm3, 500wbc/mm3, 175IU amylase,bile, bacteria or food.
Hemoperitoneum – Localized fluid collections around the spleen (especially those with an elevated HU measurement) are highly suggestive of hemoperitoneum.
• Briskly bleeding splenic lacerations may establish blood density fluid throughout the abdomen.
Hypodensity – Hypodense regions represent areas of Parenchymal disruption, intraparenchymal hematoma or Subcapsular hematoma.
Contrast blush or extravasation – Contrast blush describes hyperdense areas within the splenic parenchyma that represent traumatic disruption or pseudoaneurysm of the splenic vasculature. Active extravasation of contrast implies ongoing bleeding and the need for urgent intervention
tunical media & adventetia
cardiac catheterisation.
trauma.
Once spleen is fully mobilised.
For large deep injuries: 2-0 chromic sutures swedged on blunt tip needle. placed 1-2cm from torn margin & passed deep into the wound crevice.
Equal tension is achieved on both sides of crevices is obtained with two handed ties.
Minor oozing through needle holes are treated by placing dry sponge over spleen & returning the spleen to LUQ for 10mins, while other organs are assessed.
If hemostasis appears good when pack is removed, no touch technique applies.
• Use your fingers to temporarily secure hemostasis at the hilum(to prevent
clamping of the tail of pancreas) • Place the left hand on the spleen and draw it down to divide the lieno renal ligament lying posteriorly
• Deliver the spleen into the abdominal incision Then a non-crushing clamp is applied at the hilum safeguarding the
pancreas • Examine the spleen for grade of injury
Ligate and divide; the short gastric arteries, left gastro-epiploic arteries away from the stomach with non absorbable suture.
elective: lesser sac
emergency: leinorenal ligament.
• Use your fingers to temporarily secure hemostasis at the hilum(to prevent
clamping of the tail of pancreas) • Place the left hand on the spleen and draw it down to divide the lieno renal ligament lying posteriorly
• Deliver the spleen into the abdominal incision Then a non-crushing clamp is applied at the hilum safeguarding the
pancreas • Examine the spleen for grade of injury
Ligate and divide; the short gastric arteries, left gastro-epiploic arteries away from the stomach with non absorbable suture.
• Use your fingers to temporarily secure hemostasis at the hilum(to prevent
clamping of the tail of pancreas) • Place the left hand on the spleen and draw it down to divide the lieno renal ligament lying posteriorly
• Deliver the spleen into the abdominal incision Then a non-crushing clamp is applied at the hilum safeguarding the
pancreas • Examine the spleen for grade of injury
Ligate and divide; the short gastric arteries, left gastro-epiploic arteries away from the stomach with non absorbable suture.
Gently separate the tail of the pancreas from the splenic
Vessels Separately divide and double ligate the splenic artery and Then the vein.
• Beware ; tail of the pancreas, splenic flexure of the colon, left kidney and adrenal gland.
Complete the splenectomy by dividing the splenocolic liagament
• Complete exploratory laparotomy
• Meticulous hemostasis
• Peritoneal saline lavage
Suction drain on splenic bed- to drain the tail of pancreas Closure; abdomen is closed in layers
Gently separate the tail of the pancreas from the splenic
Vessels Separately divide and double ligate the splenic artery and Then the vein.
• Beware ; tail of the pancreas, splenic flexure of the colon, left kidney and adrenal gland.
Complete the splenectomy by dividing the splenocolic liagament
• Complete exploratory laparotomy
• Meticulous hemostasis
• Peritoneal saline lavage
Suction drain on splenic bed- to drain the tail of pancreas Closure; abdomen is closed in layers