I. ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

CONTENT STANDARD
The learners demonstrate an
understanding of
the formation of the universe
and the solar system

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
The learners:
1. State the different hypotheses
explaining the origin of the
universe.
2. Describe the different hypotheses
explaining the origin of the solar
system.

COSMOLOGY
 is the branch of science that
studies the origin, evolution
and fate of the universe

ACTIVITY #1 :
JUMBLED WORD VISUAL CLUE ANSWER
A G R
E L
LARGE
A S G GAS

ACTIVITY #1 :
JUMBLED WORD VISUAL CLUE ANSWER
A R S
T S
STARS
SUDT
LODUSC
DUST
CLOUDS

ACTIVITY #1 :
JUMBLED WORD VISUAL CLUE ANSWER
SPL
TANE
PLANETS
L X G
A A Y
GALAXY

The UNIVERSE is a
(1) _________ unimaginable
expanse of (2) ___________,
(3) _________, (4) _________,
and consists of (5)_________
and (6)____________.
large
gas
stars dust clouds
planets
galaxy

UNIVERSE
 is large unimaginable
expanse of gas, stars, dust
clouds, and consists of
planets and galaxy.

Big Bang Theory

Steady State / Infinite Universe Theory

Pulsating Universe Theory

SOLAR SYSTEM
 is the gravitationally bound
system comprising the Sun
and the objects that orbit
around it, either directly or
indirectly.

SOLAR SYSTEM
 it is in constant motion, with
the planets and their moons,
comets, asteroids and other
space objects revolving
around the Sun.

The masses of the planets are
also concentrated in the Gas
Giant planets Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune.

• The large mass of these
planets comes from
their absolute sizes, not
their densities.
• The inner planets are
by far the most dense.

TERRESTRIAL (Inner Planets)
• made of materials with high melting points
such as silicates, iron , and nickel
• rotate slower, have thin or no atmosphere
Mercury Venus Earth Mars

JOVIAN
(Outer Planets)
• gas giants
• rotate faster
• have thick
atmosphere

PLANET BIYO
is a minor planet named after a
Filipino teacher, Dr. Josette Biyo
Planet
13241
Found in
the Main
Asteroid
Belt
between
Mars and
Jupiter

1) MERCURY
• INNERMOST AND
SWIFTEST PLANET
• ALBEDO 0F 6%
• DAYLIGHT & DARKNESS BOTH LAST 88
DAYS
• TEMPERATURE RANGE OF -300F TO 800F
• VERY LITTLE ATMOSPHERE

2) VENUS
• SIMILAR IN SIZE, DENSITY AND MASS
TO EARTH
• THICK CLOUD OF
CARBON DIOXIDE
• SURFACE TEMPS OF 900F DUE TO GREENHOUSE
EFFECT
• ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS 90 TIMES THAT OF EARTH
• IF EARTH IS HEAVEN THEN VENUS IS HELL

4) MARS
• WHITE POLAR ICE CAPS
• HAVE GREAT RIFT VALLEY
• VERY DRY PLANET
• REDDISH ROCK, SAND AND
SOIL

5) JUPITER
• 2 1/2 TIMES LARGER THAN ALL
OTHER PLANETS COMBINED
• 1 DAY LASTS 10 HOURS DUE TO FAST ROTATION
• HURRICANE-LIKE STORM SYSTEMS
WITH WINDS OF 1000 MPH - GREAT
RED SPOT
• SURFACE OF LIQUID HYDROGEN OCEAN
• SOME MOONS [61] AS LARGE AS MARS

MOONS OF JUPITER
DISCOVERED BY GALILELO
61? TOTAL MOONS
• CALLISTO
• GANYMEDE
• IO
• EUROPA

6) SATURN
• 29 1/2 YEARS TO
MAKE ONE
REVOLUTION
• SYSTEM OF
RINGS
• HIGH WIND SPEEDS
1000+ MPH

7) URANUS
• SURROUNDED BY POLAR CIRCLING RINGS
• KNOWN AS THE GREEN PLANET
• METHANE IN
ATMOSPHERE
• ROTATES ON ITS SIDE

8) NEPTUNE
• TWIN PLANET TO URANUS
• BY POLAR CIRCLING RINGS
• KNOWN AS THE GREEN PLANET
• METHANE IN ATMOSPHERE
• ROTATES ON ITS SIDE

9) PLUTO
• MAY NOT BE A PLANET
BUT A TRANSITION
BETWEEN COMET AND
PLANET
• AVERAGE TEMP OF -350F
• LARGE DIRTY
ICEBALL
• 248 YEARS TO ORBIT SUN

MINOR MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
1) COMETS
2) ASTEROIDS
3) METEOROIDS

MINOR MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
COMETS
 Often compared to large, “dirty snowballs”
 Composition:
• Frozen gases
• Rocky and metallic materials
• Frozen gases vaporize when near the Sun
• Produces a glowing head called the coma
• Some may develop a tail that points away from
Sun due to radiation pressure and the solar wind

ORIENTATION OF A COMET’S
TAIL AS IT ORBITS THE SUN
Figure 22.27

HALE-BOPP

SUNSINGER

MINOR MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
ASTEROIDS
• Irregular shapes AND Origin is
uncertain
• Most lie between Mars and Jupiter
• Small bodies – largest (Ceres) is about 620 miles in
diameter
• Some have very eccentric orbits
• Many of the recent impacts on the Moon and Earth
were collisions with asteroids

THE ORBITS OF MOST ASTEROIDS LIE BETWEEN
MARS AND JUPITER
Figure 22.25

MINOR MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
METEOROIDS
• are called meteors when they enter Earth’s
atmosphere
• are called as meteorites when they are
found on Earth
• A meteor shower occurs when Earth
encounters a swarm of meteoroids
associated with a comet’s path

References
• Earth and Life Science