Final project powerpoint slides for Athens Technical College Psychology 2103 taught by Mr. Stennett

1. “Driving With
Dead People”
By: Monica
Holloway
By: Kaylie Jarrell

2. About Monica Holloway
– Born in Galesburg, Ohio
– Youngest of 4 children (2 sisters and a brother)
– Attended Kenyon college
– Moved to San Diego, California for an acting conservatory
– Worked at Camp Deer Lake in Madison, Connecticut
– Currently lives with her family in Los Angeles

3. Book Summary
– Book starts when she is 6 and goes
through different life events
– Age 6 becomes a victim of incest from
her father
– Befriends the daughter of the Mortician
– this builds her obsession with dead
bodies
– Eventually starts working for the funeral
home
– Leaves home
– Has trouble with all relationships
– Gets an abortion
– Finally resurfaces the incest that
happened so long ago

4. Rough Life?
– Victim of incest at the age of 6
– Mom helped
– Dad is abusive
– Drunk, violent brother
– Parents get divorced
– Mom moves out for new
boyfriend
– Dad believes that she is a
mistake
– Rough relationship with family
– Goes through a few rough
relationships
– Gets an abortion
– Becomes engaged and breaks it
off

5. Personality
– Compulsive liar
– Obsessed with dead bodies
– Depressed
– Shy
– Suicidal
– Lonely
– Discontent with religion

6. Statistics of Incest
– Father-daughter incest occurs in about 36% of incest victims
– Equivalent to 1,000,000 American victims
– 1 in 4 adults have experienced sexual abuse (Bak-Klimek, 2014,
p.551)
– Four risk factors with father- daughter incest (Beard, 2012, p. 177)
– 65% to 78% of the time the mom will believe the child about the
incest

7. Consequences of incest
– High risk of psychological disorders
– In a study done by Aydin and some of his colleagues, out of 560 sexually abused victims
75.2% of them had been diagnosed with some psychiatric disorder. (p. 395)
-Earlier age of onset abuse is correlated with higher level of depression (Bak-
Klimek, 2014, p. 551)
- problems with intimacy and sexual satisfaction
- suicidal tendencies, personality disorders, depression, and PTSD
-Feelings of isolation
-Spiritually discontent
-anxiety

8. Coping Methods from incest
– Parental support
– Social support
– Therapy for a long period of time
– Avoidance

9. Erikson’s Theory: Identity vs
Role Confusion
– This theory correlates with not knowing what she wanted to do with her life and
not knowing what she wanted to do
– This theory recognizes that identity as a major personality achievement
– Identity continues to be reformed in life

10. Kohlberg’s theory of Moral
Development
– This theory is about the way that an individual reasons with a dilemma
– How ethical was what dad did?

11. Obsession with dead bodies
Monica was obsessed with dead bodies

12. Family Problems
– Abusive dad
– Drunk and violent brother
– Mother neglected her children
– Mother moved away to live with a new boyfriend
– Beth (the middle sister) isn’t apart of her life
– Dad raped all the children

13. Happy Ending?
– Married Matthew
– Has one son named Aidan
– Still best friends with her sister JoAnn
– Has 2 golden retrievers, a hamster, 4 hermit crabs, 3 frogs, 2 rabbits, and 6 neon
tetras

14. Resources
Atwood, J. (2007), When love hurts: Preadolescent girls’ reports of incest. The American
Journal of Family Therapy, 35(4), 287-313. d.o.i 10.1080/01926180701389644
Bak-Klimek,A., Cambell, J., Elliot, L., Karatzias, T., Laybourn, P., & Pugh, R. (2014). Nature of child
sexual abuse and psychopathology in adult survivors: Results from a clinical sample in
Scotland. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21(6), 550-557.
Beard, K., Kommor, M., Kuo, S., O’Keefe, S., Stroebel, S., & Swindell, S. (2012). Father-
daughter incest: Data from as anonymous computerized survey. Journal of Child
Sexual Abuse, 21(2), 176-199.
Cyr, M., He’Bert, M., Frappier, J., Tourigny, M., & Turcotte, P. (2014). Parental support provided by
nonoffending caregivers to sexually abused children: A comparison between mothers
and fathers. Journal of Child Custody, 11(3), 216-236. d.o.i.
10.1080/15379418.2014.954688
Elklit, A. (2015). Treatment of Danish survivors of child sexual abuse- A cohort study. Behavioral
Sciences, 5(1), 589-601. d.o.i. 10.3390/bs5040589
Holloway, M. (2007). Driving with dead people: A memoir. New York: Monica Holloway

15. ELIE WIESEL:
SURVIVOR
Lyndsey McClain

16. Before and During the Holocaust

17. Before the Holocaust
• Elie Wiesel lived in Sighet,
Transylvania with his father,
mother, and three sisters.
• He was an extremely religious,
sensitive, and emotional adolescent;
he had an “unsentimental”
relationship with his father (Wiesel,
1960).

18. Movement into the Ghetto
• Early on in “Night,” Wiesel and his
family were forced into the ghetto.
• They lived there very briefly,
sharing a home with many other
family members. They lived in fear
of transport and of the German
Nazi officers (Wiesel, 1960).

19. Deportation
• Wiesel and his family were moved
out of the ghetto and forced onto
cattle cars. They were forced to
stand with 80 people to each car for
more than three days on their way
to the concentration camp (Wiesel,
1960).

20. Arrival at Auschwitz
• Wiesel experienced a great deal of trauma
in very quick succession; in order to cope
with his new environment in the
concentration camps, he developed
defense mechanisms (Bluhm, 1999).
• According to Kępiński, the initial shock of
entering the concentration camp was the
most traumatic event in a Holocaust
victim’s experience; it was important to
adapt quickly to the conditions (Kępiński,
2008).

21. Defense and Coping Mechanisms
• According to Bluhm, in order to deal
with the experiences that Wiesel faced,
he needed to develop many new
personality traits that would allow him
to survive and tolerate the horrors of
the concentration camps. He
developed these “defensive
mechanisms” in order to cope with
their experiences (1999).

22. Personal “Angel”
• Wiesel’s survival relied on a personal
“angel” that reminded him of the
outside world and provided a contrast
to the misery of the concentration
camp. For Wiesel, his father played the
role of his “angel.” His father
represented a tie to humanity and to
the world outside of the horrors of
the concentration camp (Kępiński,
2008).

23. Interpersonal Relationships
• Those who survived their time in the
concentration camps mainly attributed
the establishment of close
relationships with others in order to
have social support (Prot, 2012).
• Wiesel, who was once a shy child,
quickly made friends with others his
age, and he described his interactions
with others as “brotherly,” kind, and
supportive (Wiesel, 1960).

24. “Reason to Live”
• It is in my opinion that Wiesel
developed a reason to live, and he
made that reason his father. For
example, when Wiesel thought his
father died on the train, he felt he
had lost all reason to live. These
suicidal thoughts did not dissipate
until he realized his father was alive
(Wiesel, 1960).

25. Coping Mechanism: Optimism
• According to Prot, a large contributor to
Wiesel’s comparative well-being was his
ability to remain optimistic and hopeful
despite their environment (2012).
• Wiesel felt confident that he would recover
from his foot surgery, live through
selection in the camps, and be liberated
(Wiesel ,1960).
• Without this glimmer of hope, it would be
impossible to maintain any level of sanity
(Prot, 2012).

26. Humor as a Coping Mechanism
• Humor between prisoners was frequently
used as a coping mechanism for the
horrors and traumatic experiences they
faced (Ostrower, 2015).
• According to Ostrower, the prisoners used
humor as defense mechanisms that help
protect the individual from anxiety and
threatening emotions. Being able to joke
with those around them helped individuals
cope with their experiences in the
concentration camps (2015).

27. Humor as a Coping Mechanism
• Wiesel, along with his fellow prisoners, used
dark humor in otherwise uncomfortable
situations, such as the public hangings and
constant degradation, in order to cope.
• It was common for prisoners to joke about
food and “off-color” subjects, particularly
sex or death (Ostrower, 2012).
• Wiesel developed this dark, sarcastic humor
as a defense mechanism against the fear
of separation from his father, his potential
selection, starvation, and even death (Wiesel,
1960).

28. Defense Mechanisms
• Wiesel’s environment also attributed to the
development of less positive defense mechanisms,
including a lack of emotions, feelings of
estrangement, withdrawal from others,
desensitivity to injuries and illness, and
depersonalization.
• As a defense mechanism against the traumas he
faced, Wiesel experienced estrangement from his
loved ones, particularly his father.
• As a result of feeling helpless and weak against his
enemies, Wiesel channeled his frustration and
anger towards his father (Bluhm, 1999).

29. Defense Mechanism: “Abandonment of Faith”
• One of the biggest changes in Wiesel’s
development was his “abandonment of
faith.” For many of the Jewish people
subjected to the horrors of the Holocaust, it
was easier to believe that there could not be
an omnipotent god that would allow the Jews
to suffer as they did during that time.
• Abandonment of faith was a coping
mechanism that protected Wiesel from the
sense of abandonment and betrayal that he
would have felt from his God otherwise
(Lassley, 2015).

30. Defense Mechanism: Somatic Apathy
• During the death march, Wiesel and
his father were forced to run from one
concentration camp to another,
covering 40 miles on foot in the snow
(Wiesel, 1960).
• According to Ataria, somatic apathy is
characterized by the idea that one’s
body part or entire body is “alien” or
does not belong to them as a defensive
mechanism in response to torture and
trauma (2015).

31. Defense Mechanism: Somatic Apathy
• As he ran for 40 miles on his injured
foot, he was subjected to extreme cold,
exhaustion, hunger, dehydration, and
fear; however, during these times of
extreme stress and trauma Wiesel
claimed to have forgotten he “owned a
body” and experienced a disownership
of his limbs, particularly his feet.
• Wiesel claimed that he felt his foot had
“detached” from his body (Wiesel,
1960).

32. Defense Mechanism: Inability to Mourn
• According to “trauma theory,” before
recovery from extreme trauma can
begin, a trauma survivor must first be
able to feel secure in their future and
safe in their surroundings. This meant
that prior to remembering their loved
ones or trying to make sense of their
past, the trauma victim must first move
beyond the dangers that they are facing
(Goldenberg, 2009).

33. Defense Mechanisms: Inability to Mourn
• Following his liberation from the
camp, Wiesel was in limbo; he faced an
uncertain future without food security,
a stable shelter, a support group, or
even clothing. This mechanism allowed
Wiesel to focus on regaining his health
and finding shelter, food, and safety
without succumbing to the depression
and anxiety involved with mourning
(Wiesel, 1960).

34. Decreased Well-Being
• While the defense mechanisms that Wiesel
utilized helped him cope with the trauma he
experienced, the environment of the
concentration camps had detrimental effects on
his overall well-being.
• He faced constant food deprivation and
malnourishment during their time in
concentration camps. The quality of the food
was poor, and the quantity was never sufficient.
Many of the victims around Wiesel died within
the first three months due to complications of
malnourishment and forced slave labor (Wiesel,
1960).

35. Disordered Eating
• The deprivation of food for extended periods of time
caused Wiesel to develop disordered eating habits and
an obsession with food both within the camps and
following their liberation (Sindler, 2004).
• At first, he turned down a bowl of thick soup, but for
years to come, Wiesel’s main thoughts tended to
focus on food and acquiring any sort of nourishment.
He considered risking his own life to acquire food
that he knew was off-limits. Later on, Wiesel
succumbed to scavenging for scraps and grass.
Following his liberation, Wiesel admits that even after
he had eaten, he was immediately preoccupied with
finding more food, and his thoughts about food were
so intense that he thought of nothing else, not even
his family (Wiesel, 1960).

36. KZ Syndrome
• Wiesel suffered from KZ syndrome, the
specific type of traumatic stress disorder that
results from the conditions of the Holocaust,
including torture in the form of exhaustion,
starvation, dehydration, forced separation
from loved ones, forced labor, degradation,
and public beatings.
• These conditions, coupled with the fact that
the Nazi party attempted to eliminate an
entire group of people, creating conditions
of “extreme stress” and trauma that resulted
in innumerable psychological effects
(Krysinska, 2012).

37. KZ Syndrome
• Symptoms of the disorder and
persecution include somatic symptoms,
suicidal ideation, emotional instability,
depression, anxiety, sleep complaints,
and “disruption of social and
interpersonal functioning,” including
withdrawal and alienation (Krysinska,
2012). Wiesel exhibits many of the
symptoms of KZ syndrome during his
time in the concentration camp
(Wiesel, 1960).

38. KZ Syndrome: Interpersonal Functioning
• Wiesel experiences the “disruption
of interpersonal functioning” early
on, having hostile thoughts towards
his father more than once for
actions beyond his control. For
example, he feels intense anger
towards his father for being beaten
by a Kapo and for being helpless
during his illness (Wiesel, 1960).

39. KZ Syndrome: Suicidal Thoughts
• There were several instances in which
Wiesel considered allowing himself to die,
and the frequency of these suicidal
thoughts increased as he experienced more
trauma within the camps.
• He considered stopping during the death
march, aware that he would either be shot
by a guard or trampled by those behind
him. He also considered falling asleep in
the snow, aware that doing so would result
in hypothermia and death (Wiesel, 1960).

40. KZ Syndrome: Depression
• Wiesel experienced a dark depression.
He described his life in and after the
camps as one endless, “cursed night.”
Wiesel also withdrew into a state of
“total idleness” following his father’s
death, claiming that his life “no longer
mattered.” Furthermore, Wiesel’s life
for years following his liberation were
marked by a depressive state in which
he was unable to discuss the events
that occurred during the Holocaust
(Wiesel, 1960).

41. KZ Syndrome: Anxiety and Sleep Complaints
• A major source of decreased well-being is forced
migration from one’s home. During the
Holocaust, Wiesel was constantly subjected to
deportations from his home into a ghetto, and
then from the ghetto into concentration camps.
Forced migration meant forced separation from
his home, religious community, school, and family;
this has been proven to lead to an increased risk
of post-traumatic stress disorder, particularly
anxiety (Nickerson, 2012).
• When rumors about selection and transport were
going around the camp, he experienced acute
anxiety and its associated symptoms, especially
sleeplessness (Wiesel, 1960).

42. Loss of Control and Decreased Well-Being
• Certain human rights violations used
by the perpetrators, such as
“disruptions in interpersonal
processes, decreased perceptions of
control, and the denigration of
individual and group identity,” tend to
contribute greatly to depressive
symptoms and “psychosocial
impairment” that is evident in Wiesel
(Hermansson, et al. 2003).

43. Loss of Control and Decreased Well-Being
• Wiesel experienced a total loss of
control; he was denied the ability to
decide when he ate, used the lavatory,
and slept. Furthermore, he had no
control over where he worked, what he
wore, where he went, or where he
lived.
• He also lacked control over the
treatment of others; he was unable to
stop the abuse and death of his father
and other prisoners (Wiesel, 1960).

44. Decreased Well-Being: Denigration
• Insults and mistreatment from the perpetrators
created a sense of denigration among the camp
prisoners (Nickerson, 2014). The fate of
prisoners’ lives were decided like they were “cattle
or merchandise.” During their march between
camps, the prisoners were called “swine” and
“filthy sons of bitches” by the SS guardsmen. The
prisoners had their names taken away, and in their
place they were given numbers (Wiesel, 1960).
• This had a negative impact on Wiesel, resulting in
low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, post-
traumatic stress disorder, and decreased well-being
overall (Nickerson, 2014).

45. The Survival of Elie Wiesel
• Elie Wiesel developed many coping and defense
mechanisms during the Holocaust in order to deal with his
environment, including somatic apathy, interdependent
relationships, humor, and an inability to mourn. Despite
these defense mechanisms, Wiesel was unable to avoid the
effects of prolonged trauma; as a result, he experienced a
decrease in overall well-being. He suffered from disordered
eating and KZ-syndrome, a specific type of post-traumatic
stress disorder that is characterized in part by depression,
anxiety, suicidal ideation, and sleep complaints. His survival
has been marked by significant losses and trauma that has
followed him throughout his life.

46. References
• Ataria, Y., & Gallagher, S. (2015). Somatic Apathy. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 46(1),
105-122.
• Bluhm, H. (1999). How did they survive? Mechanisms of defense in Nazi concentration
• camps. America Journal of Psychotherapy, 53(1), 96.
• Goldenberg, J. (2009). ‘I had no family, but I made family’. Immediate post-war coping
• strategies of adolescent survivors of the Holocaust. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 9(1), 18-
26.
• Hermansson, A., Timpka, T., & Thyberg, M. (2003). The long-term impact of torture on the
• mental health of war-wounded refugees: Findings and implications for nursing
programmes. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 17(4), 317-324.
• Kępiński, A. (2008). KZ-syndrome. Archives of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, 10(4), 77-84.
• Krysińska, K., & Lester, D. (2006). The contribution of psychology to the study of the
• Holocaust. Dialogue and Universalism, 16(5), 141-156.
• Lassley, J. (2015). A defective covenant: Abandonment of faith among Jewish survivors of the
• Holocaust. International Social Science Review, 90(2), 1-17.
• Levine, J. (2001). Working with victims of persecution: lessons from Holocaust
• survivors. Social Work, 46(4), 350-360.
• Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Rosebrock, L., & Litz, B. T. (2014). The mechanisms of
• psychosocial injury following human rights violations, mass trauma, and torture. Clinical
Psychology: Science and Practice, 21(2), 172-191.
• Ostrower, C. (2015). Humor as a defense mechanism during the Holocaust. Interpretation: A
• Journal of Bible and Theology, 69(2), 183-195.
• Prot, K. (2012). Strength of Holocaust survivors. Journal of Loss and Trauma,17(2), 173-186.
• Schneider, G. (1975). Survival and guilt feelings of Jewish concentration camp victims. Jewish
• Social Studies, 37(1), 74-83.
• Schubert, C. C., & Punamäki, R. (2010). Mental health among torture survivors: Cultural
• background, refugee status and gender. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry,65(3), 175-182.
• Sindler, A. J., Wellman, N. S., & Stier, O. B. (2004). Holocaust survivors report long-term
• effects on attitudes toward food. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 36(4), 189-196.
• Wiesel, E. (1960). Night. New York City, NY: Hill and Wang.
• Witztum, E., & Malkinson, R. (2009). Examining traumatic grief and loss among Holocaust
• survivors. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14(2), 129-143.

47. Raising Crazy
How to Raise your Child with Multiple Issues
By: Shannon Schmelzle

48. The
Book

49. The
Theory
Behavior Modification
According to Laura Berk, behavior modification consists of
procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate
undesirable behaviors and increase desirable behaviors (Berk,
2014).
So is it possible to foster undesirable behaviors through
conditioning and modeling?

50. The
Mother
Disclaimer: Not actually Stacey’s mother

51. Effects of being a full time mother
• Holly Schiffrin and Miriam Liss, interviewed 181 mothers of
children 5 and under, and combined their study with another done
by the University of North Carolina interviewing 1,300 working
mothers. The findings suggest that a full time mother faces more
stress that effects their attitude and anger management, which in
turn affects the children in negative ways, possibly stunting their
emotional growth (Warner, 2012).

52. Passive Aggressive
• Stacey’s mother also seems to use a lot of passive aggressive
behavior to get what she wants. She often calls people by the
wrong names, or makes herself out to be the victim of what is
usually her own choices, such as choosing to get involved in a
pyramid scheme. After being modeled for a young Stacey, it is
very easy to see places in his narrative where Stacey always talks
about himself as if he were the victim. He will do little things to
bother people clearly with the end goal of causing an overreaction
from the other party (Whitson, 2013).

53. Mom’s Fault
• A recent study challenged the assertion that children of an
unstable home have more developmental issues. It used a
national two generational longitudinal survey that looks at the
behavioral and cognitive development of children from various
different living situations. The findings were that the mother’s
attributes seemed to have a much larger effect on the children
than anything else (Fomby & Cherlin, 2007).

54. The
Identity

55. Reform Judaism and Challenging Stereotypes
• There is, and has been for a while, a strong movement in the
Jewish society to update Judaism and keep it moving into the
future so that it doesn’t become stale. They are rejecting a lot of
the orthodox thought in order to adapt with changing times
(Spokoiny, 2014).

56. The
Family
Diclaimer: Also Not Stacey Robert’s Family

57. Self Fulfilling Prophecy – The Father
• Anne Bernstein theorizes that much of the “issues” that come up
with children post-divorce are, in fact, a self-fulfilling prophecy.
In other words, they develop issues because they believe they are
supposed to develop issues based on researched gleamed from her
studies (Bernstein, 2007).

58. Remarried and Remarried again – My Two Dads
• A longitudinal family study interviewing 173 people 20 years after
their parents divorced to find out how the divorce and subsequent
remarriage, or cohabitation, or other family dynamic effected the
persons sense of family. One of the results of this study was that
many of these children felt that their parents remarriages were
more stressful then the original divorce (Ahrons, 2007).

59. The Favorite
• Some studies have shown that perceptions of unequal treatment
persist with a person through adolescence and into adulthood,
straining the relationship between the two siblings as well as
effecting the personality of both the perceived favorited, and
perceived disfavored child (Finzi-Dottan & Cohen, 2011).

60. Effortful Control ( Or Lack Thereof) – The
Home Life
• A study found that parent’s effortful control was effected
negatively in the presence of chaos and when their children
behaved negatively, and their effortful control was effected
positively when their children exhibited positive behavior. The
same for the children, they had less effortful control in chaos and
when their parents were exhibiting negative parenting behaviors
and more in a stable home with parent’s exhibiting positive
behaviors (Valiente, Lemery-Chalfant, & Reiser, 2007).

61. The
Travel

62. Going to Crazy Town
• There have been some studies that show constant moving can lead
to an increase in psychotic behavior, up to, and including,
hallucinations (Singh, 2012).

63. They Were a Close Family
• Thin walls and relatively small living spaces create a much less
private living conditions than more traditional houses or even
apartment living. According to a study, this leads to both negative
consequences in the form of gossip and nothing being secret, and
more positive outcomes in the form of increased harmony and
closeness among the residents (Newton, 2014).

64. Bad and on the Move
• Across the board the people whom reported many moves to
different homes reported less life satisfaction and were more
prone to behavioral problems (Oishi & Schimmack, 2010).

65. The
Humor

66. Appreciation versus Generation – Who wins?
• Doctor Arnie Cann believes that humor is a multidimensional
construct with many different aspects that can be either
beneficial or detrimental to a person’s psychological well-being.
He believes that the “sense of humor” is made up of different
components, such as the “humor appreciation,” that is finding
humor in a situation, versus “humor generation,” that is making
up something humorous divorced from a situation (Cann & Kuiper,
2014)

67. Neither! Disparaging Humor trumps them all!
• During a study on disparaging humor to see how it effects people,
the researchers mention how Sigmund Freud said that we use
ridiculing humor to mask our true hostilities and frustrations
(Janes & Olson, 2010)
• Some studies have shown that not forgiving someone whom is
perceived to have transgressed against you can lead to some long
term negative emotional effects (Halstead, 2010).

68. But can something Good, come from
something Bad?
• Laughter has been shown to have a lot of positive effects. It has
been proven to improve mood, help people cope with traumatic
situations, and even has positive physiological effects on people
(Winter, 2006).

69. BOOK PRESENATATION
By: Hunter Sidwell

70. STARGAZING

71. VYGOTSKY’STHEORY
 Theory argues that social interaction precedes development; consciousness and
cognition are the end product of socialization and social behavior
 Learns how to cook.
 Learns how to communicate with others.
 Learns how to predict weather.
 His co-workers taught him these things.

72. PETER HILL
 Peter is an introvert at the beginning of the book.
 He spends six months at a lighthouse and under goes a lot of psychological
changes.
 He matures and finds himself within the book.
 He likes to read and write.
 Loves poetry and music by Kerouac and Jimmy Hendrix
 He’s a hippie.
 Is a diarist.

73. SOLITUDE DEVELOPMENT
 In my research I decided to look into how solitude affects development.
 It makes people more self-reflective
 Many spiritual leaders would go into solitude and come back later with many
answers. –The book would be Peter’s answer.
 You become your own judge of right and wrong.

74. HIS COMING OF AGE
 Peter learns how to be a man within this story. He jumps from boyhood to man
with the help of his co-workers. His co-workers helped Peter become confident in
his interests.
 He also learns a little on professions. Helps build a boat, skins a goat, learns how
to boat fish, and most importantly learns the importance of routine.

75. HIS FRIENDSHIPS
 Peter makes friends very easily in the book. He is standoffish but his co-workers
get him out of his shell.
 He kept up with one person from the lighthouses.
 Was able to relate to everyone he encountered at the lights.

76. LIGHTHOUSES
Pladda Ailsa Craig Hyskier

77.  Pladda: Stationed for two weeks. Meets a friend named Finlay.
 Ailsa Craig: Stationed for eight weeks. Has a NDE withTam.
 Hyskier: Stationed for two weeks. Gives back to Ralph.

78. PETER ATTHE END
 At the end of the book Peter is a now an outgoing individual who writes into a
novel everyday. No longer bound by fear, he is able to pursue his dream of
becoming a professional writer.
 Evolves into a self-reflecting person. He is more considerate to people and tries to
understand the situation before making judgment.
 Peter becomes more caring. At Hyskier he helps a co-worker with his
psychological problems.

79. New Life, No
Instructions
Author: Gail Caldwell
By: Gabriela Rico

80. Gail Caldwell

81. Polio at 6 months
• Polio, formally known as
Poliomyelitis, is an acute
paralytic disease
• Commonly seen in children
• Spread via fecal contamination
of food and water
• Causes muscle weakness
• Causes lifelong disability
Norris, A., Hachey, K., Curtis, A., & Bourdeaux, M.
(2016). Crippling violence: Conflict and
incident Polio in Afghanistan. Plos ONE, 11(3), 1-9.

82. Personality
“Big Five personality traits:
Neuroticism
Extroversion
Openness to Experience
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Berk, L.E. (2008). Exploring
Lifespan Development. New
York, NY: Pearson.

83. Family
Mom, Dad, Older Sister
Sy, S. R., Gottfried, A. W., & Gottfried, A. E.
(2013). A transactional model of parental
involvement and children's achievement from
early childhood through
adolescence. Parenting: Science &
Practice, 13(2), 133-152 20p.
Sy’s research found that
the lack of parental
involvement during an
individual’s life can have
negative outcomes,
especially during
adolescence.

84. Childhood & Adolescences

86. Grief & Coping
Shrestha, R. (2015). Stressful life events
and coping strategies among patients with
generalized anxiety disorders. Journal Of
Institute Of Medicine, 37(3), 112-118.
“Coping as a healthy response to stress has been defined as restoration to
homeostasis to the internal environmental system”
Passive acceptance

87. Love

88. Friends
“The effect of marital status on
depressive symptoms was
mediated by family support and
moderated by friend support.”
Zhang, B., & Li, J. (2011). Gender and marital status
differences in depressive symptoms among
elderly adults: The roles of family support and friend
support. Aging & Mental Health, 15(7), 844-854.

89. Love for Animals

90. Hobbies

91. Total Right Hip Replacement
Okoro, T., Morrison, V., Maddison, P., Lemmey, A. B., &
Andrew, J. G. (2013). An assessment of the impact of
behavioral cognitions on function in patients partaking in
a trial of early home-based progressive resistance
training after total hip replacement surgery. Disability &
Rehabilitation, 35(23), 2000-2007.
“Background personality and
pre-operative coping
resources have been found to
be significant predictors of
clinical outcomes including
post-operative analgesia
requirements and length of
hospital stay”

92. Tula
Shiloh

93. https://www.facebook.com/GailCaldwellAut
hor/videos/649507221752547/

94. Angela’s Ashes, pt. 2
By Teresa Mullis

95. The ability of a parent and child to bond while grieving
the loss of a beloved family member is essential for future
growth as a family. Research conducted has shown when
parents and children had similar grieving experiences, the
parent stated that they could relate to their child better
throughout the grieving process. When this process
occurred the death of a child within a family actually
made the family bond stronger (Bugge, Darbyshire,
Rokholt, Haugstvedt, 2012).

101. Tatar-Szentagotai, Aurora. Chris, Adina. Ddorean, Anca. Candea, Mirela
Diana. Miu, Andrei C. (2015). Shame and guilt-proneness in adolescents:
gene-environment interactions.
This research suggests that shame and guilt are self-conscious emotions.
These emotions play adaptive roles in social behavior. Shame and guilt-
proneness are developed in the stages of childhood and adolescence.
These emotions are influenced by genetic and environmental factors
and research has uncovered very little because there are so many
variables. Early trauma in childhood seems to have the greatest impact.
Also, environmental factors such as religious taboos will scare
adolescents when they begin having sexual urges. Genetic factors
contribute as well when a child’s family tree is filled with addiction,
poverty, lack of education, and malnutrition.

106. Killeen, Maureen. (2005). Self-concept of children alcoholics:
Part 1. Family influences.
This article focuses on how alcoholic parents affect their
children’s self-esteem. The author, Maureen Killeen, suggests
that children mimic coping mechanisms that their alcoholic
parents use. As a result, their children measure their self-
concept on unique dimensions and use atypical standards to
interpret their behaviors. The outcome is that children do
not learn to realistically assess their strengths and abilities.