middle ear middle ear anatomy ear infections associated with middle ear otitis media ossicular abnormalities chlesteatoma mastoiditis with diagrams authentic book reference

1. MIDDLE EAR
BY ASRA SAQIB
SPEECH AND LANGUAGE PATHOLOGIST (RIU)

2. MIDDLE EAR
• Middle ear is a very small fluid filled cavity containing air.
• It efficiently transmits the airborne sound that hits the ear drum to the inner ear.

3. ANATOMY OF THE MIDDLE EAR
COMPONENTS:
• Ossicles
• Oval window
• Round window
• Eustachian tube

4. BONES OF THE MIDDLLE EAR:
There are 3 bones
o MALLEUS
o INCUS
o STAPES
• These are the smallest bones of the body, out of which STAPES is the most smallest of
them.
• Vibrations travel from the middle ear to the inner ear through these smallest bones.
• These are interconnected and attached to the tympanic membrane.
• These are also known as OSSICULAR CHAIN.

5. OVAL WINDOW
• Also known as fenestra ovalis.
• It’s a connective tissue membrane.
• Located at the end of middle ear and beginning of
inner ear.

6. ROUND WINDOW
• One of the 2 openings between middle and inner ear.
• Vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the inner ear
through oval window.
• It allows fluid in cochlea to move, which in turns ensures hair cells
of basilar membrane to stimulate audition.

7. EUSTACHIAN TUBE
• A narrow passage leading from pharynx to the cavity of middle ear.
• Permitting the equalization of pressure on each side of the eardrum.

8. HEARING LOSS
• It can be of 2 types:
1. CONGENITAL:
• Occur before, at or shortly after birth but prior to the learning of speech and
language.
• Usually before age 3.
1. ACQUIRED:
• Happens after speech and language have developed.

9. EAR INFECTIONS WHICH CAUSE HEARING LOSS
• Ear infections that happen again and again or fluid in middle ear may lead to
more significant hearing loss.
• If there is permanent damage to eardrum or other middle ear structures,
permanent hearing loss may occur.

10. CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS
• Damage in OUTER or MIDDLE ear.
• Common conductive hearing loss in infants and toddlers:
o Otitis media
o Abnormalities of ossicles
o Choleateatoma
o Mastoiditis

11. OTITIS MEDIA
• Inflammation of the middle ear
• OM with effusion is an inflammation of middle ear that
includes fliud in the normally air filled middle ear
space.
• It almost always causes hearing loss.

12. TYPES
1. ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA (AOM):
• Indicates middle ear infection of recent onset.
• Symptoms
• Fever
• Pain
• Irritability that can last as long as 2-3 weeks.

13. 2. SUBACUTE OTITIS MEDIA:
• Indicates chronic ear infection that fails to clear.
• It may lasts for 3 weeks to 3 months.

14. 3. CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA:
• Indicates otitis media of more than 3 months.
• It may be with or without perforation of tympanic membrane.

15. PREVALENCE:
1. PEAK PREVALANCE:
• 6 and 24 months of age.
2. LOWER PEAK PREVALANCE:
• 4 and 5 yrs of age corresponding to entering school.

16. OSSICULAR ABNORMALITIES
• The ossicles of middle ear did not develop appropriately ,
embryologically.
• The resultant hearing loss can be treated using hearing aids.

17. CHOLESTEATOMA
• A nonmalignant tumor that grows from perforated eardrum
• The tumor usually results from chronic ear infections
• It’s a threat to health and can cause
• hearing loss
• Dizziness
• Facial muscle paralysis

18. • Children with cholesteatomas typically require temporary amplification wile
they undergo a series of middle ear surgeries
• Desire to prevent such a tumor should reinforce diligent medical
management of ear infection.

19. MASTOIDITIS
• Infection of the mastoid process.
• Mastoiod is a bony projection behind the pinna .
• Ear infection travels from middle ear space to mastoid.
• Mastoidectomy is a surgical treatment for mastoiditis.

20. REFERENCES
• CHILDREN WITH HEARING LOSS -DEVELOPING LISTENING AND TALKING
• INTERNET

21. THANK YOU 