npcc education media

1. Faculty of Nursing
Educational communication media
NAME OF THE PROGRAM: NPCC
NAME OF THE SUBJECT: advanced skillsin leadership
management and teaching (XII, XIII)
UNIT No.: XIII
TITLE OF THE UNIT: Teaching methods / strategies,
media: educating patients and staff in Critical Care
settings
TOPIC: Educational communication media
Name of the teacher
with designation : Dr.S.Aruna

2. Faculty of Nursing
• XIII- Teaching methods / strategies, media:
educating patients and staff in Critical Care
settings -8 HRS
• XII - Competency based education and
outcome based education -2 HRS
• https://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/4
6455

3. Faculty of Nursing
• Educational communication media -1
• Media and education-1
• Instructional strategies -1
• Teaching-learning methods -2
• Methods and techniques of teaching and training -1
• educating patients and staff in Critical Care settings -
2

4. Faculty of Nursing
Learning Objectives
To know various audio visual aids
To know demerits and merits of each
To know the do’s and don'ts while using them
To select an appropriate teaching aid
To express enthusiasm about making efforts to
for the preparation process

5. Faculty of Nursing
Teaching
• Is a skill
• Requires
– Expertise of the subject
– Grasp of the language
– Skills to communicate
– Choosing an appropriate teaching aid

6. Faculty of Nursing
Audio Visual aids
• Writing boards
• Flip boards
• Transparencies on Over head projector
• 35mm slide projector
• Power point presentation
• Video on LCD panel
• Use of audio visual in special circumstances

7. Faculty of Nursing
The writing board
• Most commonly used—Black/white board
• Easy to use
• Inexpensive
• Quickly cleaned and reused
• Reliable aid
• Convenient to list item and draw diagrams
• Allows step by step building
• Students can keep pace with the teacher

8. Faculty of Nursing
Disadvantages
 Cannot hold a large amount of matter
 Has to be erased so no permanent record
 Time consuming
 Difficult to keep attention of students
 Not an appropriate medium in large
audiences

9. Faculty of Nursing
Guidelines for effective use
 Availability of material
 Arrange it in sequence – PLAN ahead
 Good illumination
 Ensure clarity
 Emphasize key points
 Position of teacher
 Rubbing of board

10. Faculty of Nursing
CHALK BOARD
ADVANTAGES:
• Convenient to list items, draw charts and to solve
problems.
• Inexpensive and easily cleaned.
• Usable for wide range of graphic representation.
• Allows step by step build up, organization of
structure of concept.
• Helps student in note taking.

11. Faculty of Nursing
CHALK BOARD
LIMITATIONS:
• Back to audience.
• Can be seen only by small group.
• Careful drawing are erased & not preserved for future use.
• Considerable skill required for effective use.
• Difficult to move from place to place.
APPLICATIONS:
• Don’t crowd the chalk-board a few points make a vivid
impression.
• Make the material simple.
• Plan the presentation earlier.

12. Faculty of Nursing
The Flip Chart
Large chart with a pad of paper on a stand:
 The notes, diagrams and flow charts can be
prepared well in advance
 Revealed at the appropriate point of
presentation
 Pages can be preserved for display after class
and future references

13. Faculty of Nursing
Disadvantages:
 Not effective for large audience
 Cannot hold large amount of data
 Writing may consume time.
 Intermittently loose contact with audience
while writing
 Sometimes writing is illegible

14. Faculty of Nursing
Guidelines for effective use:
 Availability of material
 PLAN ahead
 Good illumination
 Ensure clarity
 Position of teacher

15. Faculty of Nursing
Audio-Visual Aids
Types of Audio Visual Aids
1. VISUAL AIDS: those communication devices
which use seeing as primary process of
communication.
2. Non-projected visual aids
3. Projected Visual Aids

16. Faculty of Nursing
Non-projected visual aids:
• Chalk Board
• Flannel Graphs
• Flash cards
• Posters
• Diagrams and Photographs
• Charts
• Specimens
• Models

17. Faculty of Nursing
Projected Visual Aids:
Overhead projector
Slide projector: 35 mm Slides
Film Strips
Epidiascope
Micro-projector
Silent cine films

18. Faculty of Nursing
Transparencies and Projector
 A transparency is plastic film with written
material usually in horizontal format
 Magnification is 5 times
 Letter 1-1.5 cm in height (Printed >18pts)
 Rule 2/6—nearest viewer should not be closer
than distance equaling 2 screen widths and
farthest not more than 6 screen widths

19. Faculty of Nursing
Transparencies and Projector
Advantages:
 Simple, easily available and inexpensive
 Can be used with lights on
 Can be projected high
 Can be prepared quickly and in advance
 Allows step wise presentation—Masking
 Can be preserved for future use

20. Faculty of Nursing
Advantages:
 Simple, easily available and inexpensive
 Can be used with lights on
 Can be prepared quickly and in advance
 Allows step wise presentation—Masking
 Can be preserved for future use

21. Faculty of Nursing
 Technical snags and problem of focus.
 Over crowding.
 Inertia to update material .
Disadvantages

22. Faculty of Nursing
AUDIO AIDS
 P.A. System (Public address system)
 Record players and discs
 Cassette tape recorders

23. Faculty of Nursing
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
• Synchronized Tape-slide projector
• Cine movies
• Open T.V. Broadcasts and Video-tapes
• Closed Circuit T.V. and Video-tapes

24. Faculty of Nursing
FLANNELOGRAPHS
• The flannel-board is covered
with flannel or khadi cloth. The
picture or materials with same
material are used to stick
• It helps to build presentation in
a sequence, piece by piece.

25. Faculty of Nursing
FLASH CARDS
 One of cheapest and effective aids to
communicate an idea or sequence.
 Each card contains words, phrases, or
symbols or photographs.
 It is flashed before a group of people with
verbal commentary.
 Suitable for small group.

26. Faculty of Nursing
MODEL AND SIMULATION DEVICES
ADVANTAGES:
 Three dimension, concept of reality.
 Size allows close examination.
 Good for magnified situation
 Can permit learning and practice of different
techniques.
 Can be used to demonstrate function as well as
construction.
 Some can be made with locally available materials.

27. Faculty of Nursing
MODEL AND SIMULATION DEVICES
LIMITATIONS:
 Simulation models are often expensive.
 Craftsmanship required for local construction.
 Usable for small groups.
 Models often easily damaged.
 Never the same as performing techniques on a patient.
 APPLICATIONS:
 Models can be used for demonstration when actual specimen is
not available.
 Simulation devices are used in situation where the real object or
patient cannot be obtained.
 Useful for instruction.

28. Faculty of Nursing
Projected Visual Aids

29. Faculty of Nursing
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION
OF MATERIAL FOR VISUAL AIDS

30. Faculty of Nursing
NON-PROJECTED MATERIAL
Maximum Viewing Minimum height
distance of letter ‘M’
• 8 Feet ¼”
• 16 Feet ½”
• 32 Feet 1”
• 64 Feet 2”

31. Faculty of Nursing
OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

32. Faculty of Nursing
OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
ADVANTAGES:
 Projectable in daylight, high to audience, darkening of
the class rooms is not needed.
 The image can be projected high on the screen or
wall enabling the whole class to see the projector
image clearly.
 Presented while facing the audience.
 Relatively easy to prepare with local materials.
 Subjects can be drawn in advance or developed be
stages with the group.
 It is easy to handle

33. Faculty of Nursing
LIMITATIONS
Use of the over head projector for very large
audience is limited.
Equipment and materials for making
sophisticated transparencies are expensive.
Not easy to adopt for self study.

34. Faculty of Nursing
APPLICATIONS
Use several sample transparencies rather than
complex one and limit each visual to one
message.
Use chemical pencil, overhead projector,
pencil or wax crayon for writing on
transparencies.
Use colour transparencies for better attention
from audience and to emphasis details.
Projection transparencies, well fixed can be
used by the teacher.

35. Faculty of Nursing
Density & Legibility
Limit text to about 7 lines with 8 words/line
10 lines and 10 words for overhead
transparencies
Use an active “voice” that emphasizes key
words or phrases
Use at least 18-point font size
Use a simple style of lettering

36. Faculty of Nursing
Density & Legibility
 Limit use of italics, underlining, bold and
capitalization
 Watch line spacing
 Keep images simple
 Use special effects sparingly (shadowing, 3-
D)
 Use 4 – 5 colors maximum
 Increase color contrast with color hue and
brightness

37. Faculty of Nursing
Keep it Simple
Effective slides emphasize and illustrate
what the speaker says
Presents information succinctly
Presents information that is self-
explanatory

38. Faculty of Nursing
Layout
Use horizontal (landscape) slides rather than
vertical (portrait)
Try to be consistent about where you place
information on the slide
Titles, bullets, logos, etc. should have a
designated spot on slide
Layouts may be formal and balanced
(entries centered/left-justified) or informal
(entries off-centered yet balanced)

39. Faculty of Nursing
Color
 Use contrasting colors for text and
background
 Use about 4–5 colors per slide and be
consistent
 Highlight important information with
contrasting color
 Light-colored lettering or lines on dark
background often preferred

40. Faculty of Nursing
Dark Bakground Light Background
whie black
yellow dark red or brown
orange orange
green green
red light blue
violet yellow
Visibility ratio

41. Faculty of Nursing
35 mm SLIDES AND SLIDE PROJECTOR

42. Faculty of Nursing
35 mm SLIDES AND SLIDE PROJECTOR
ADVANTAGES:
• Suitable for small and large audience.
• Preparation of slides is very easy and not so expensive.
• Slides sets and projectors are light and easy to carry.
• For projection, no specific technical knowledge or skill
necessary.
LIMITATIONS:
• For front projector, darkening of the auditorium or class
room in necessary.
• Amount of information in one slide (in number of lines
of matter) is limited.

43. Faculty of Nursing
 Useful for teaching in class rooms and self
study units.
 Can be used repeatedly.
 With automatic projectors, slides can be
changed, can be programmed, also advanced or
reversed.
 Using a trans- focuser lens you can focus the
details
 Using a special light pointer you can pin point
the details.
APPLICATION

44. Faculty of Nursing
Opaque projector, episcope, Spencer Delineascope.
Epidiascope

45. Faculty of Nursing
Epidiascope
• Projects any non-transparent pictures -
photographs, charts, sketches and hand
written materials.
• It can be used to project coins, sheets books
etc.
• The principle of reflected projection is used in
the use of opaque projections.
• The opaque projection can be used to project
variety of materials in any teaching situation.

46. Faculty of Nursing
OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
• This system is still found in schools, but is
being largely replaced by LCD projectors.
• Spatial light modulators (SLMs)
• Many OHPs are used with a flat panel LCD
which, when used this way is referred to as a
spatial light modulator or SLM. Data
projectors

47. Faculty of Nursing

48. Faculty of Nursing
NEWER ELECTRONIC INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
 Teleconferencing / Telemedicine
 Teletext
 Videotext
 Computers

49. Faculty of Nursing
THANK YOU !

50. Faculty of Nursing
References