2. Institute of engineering and
science
Electronic and communication
Wireless communication
Team:
Aniket Parashar
Aditya Singh
Aman Raj
Aman Sharma
Adwait
Aakansha2
3. What is Electronic communication?
Electronic communication refers to the transfer of written data
,signals,sounds,images signs or intelligence sent via an electronic
devices.
Example:e_communication are email, text message, social media
etc.
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4. Types of Electronic communication:
Wire communication
Wire communication refers to
the transmission of data over
a wire based communication
technology. example
including telephone network
,cable television, or internet
access and fiber optic
communication. Also
electromagnetism ,used for
high power applications is
considered as an wired line.
Wireless communication
Wireless communication is
the transfer of information or
power between two or more
points that are not connected
by an electrical
conductors.Example:Radio,sa
tellite ,mobile phone, GPS
system Wi-Fi ,Bluetooth etc.
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5. Advantages of Wireless communication
Wireless communication has several advantages with the
following being some of the most important:
Cost effectiveness - unlike communication that entails the use of
connection wires, this type of communication does not require
elaborate physical infrastructure or maintenance practices. This
means any company providing wireless communication services
does not incur a lot of costs, and as a result, it is able to charge
cheaply with regard to customer fees
Flexibility - wireless communication enables people to
communicate regardless of their location. It is not necessary to be
in an office or some telephone booth in order to pass and receive
messages
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6. Convenience - Wireless communication devices like phones are
quite simple and therefore allow just about anyone to use them
wherever they may be. There is no need to physically connect
anything in order to receive or pass wireless communication
devices like mobile messages.
Constant connectivity - Whether someone is traveling or seated at
the beach, he or she can still stay in touch with loved ones or
important business contacts. Constant connectivity also ensures
that people can respond to emergencies relatively quickly.
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7. Types of Wireless Communication
Wireless Broadcast Systems:-These kinds of system do not
required the cellular structure or device identification numbers
except some special systems. The transmissions are with a
single transmitter and of sufficiently high power amplification.
They are mainly frequency tuning based communication .
Example:- AM /FM radio , Television , DTH ,DAB Systems.
Wireless Networks:- These types of systems are mainly based
on cellular infrastructure. They are low power transmitter as
compared to the broadcast systems. The transmitter of different
cells may be interlinked to form a part between the destination
and source devices.
Example:-Mobile telephone network and universal mobile
telecommunication system,mobile internet etc.
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9. GSM
(Global System For Mobile Communication)
It was first deployed in 1991.
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a digital
cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
GSM operates on the mobile communication bands 900 MHz and 1800
MHz in most parts of the world. In the US, GSM operates in the bands
850 MHz and 1900 MHz.
The frequency range is 890 MHZ to 915MHZ for uplinking and
935MHZ to 960MHZ for downlinking.
It uses FDMA/TDMA multiple access technology for downlinking and
uplinking.
It has modulation GMSK.
There are124 reusable spot frequencies(channels) of 200KHz bandwidth
each.
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10. The transmit /receive frequency spacing is 45 MHz .
GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability to
carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.
Channel spacing indicates the spacing between adjacent carrier
frequencies. For GSM, it is 200 kHz.
The time for frame duration is 4.615ms.
The typical channel data rate is 270.833kbps.
The features of GSM that account for its popularity and wide
acceptance.
Improved spectrum efficiency.
International roaming.
Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs).
High-quality speech.
Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
and other telephone company services.
Support for new services.
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12. GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE
(GPRS)
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Why GPRS?
It was developed in 1999.
GPRS became the first stepping stone on the path between the second-
generation GSM cell phone system and the W-CDMA system.
With GPRS offering data services with data rates up to 115kbps
,facilities such as web browsing and other services requiring data
transfer became possible.
The key element of GPRS is that it uses packet switched data rather
than circuit switched data ,this technique makes much more efficient
use of available capacity because of most data transfer.
In packet switching, the overall capacity can be shared between
several users.
The frequency 900MHz/1800MHz/1900MHz.
13. GSM frames cannot be called packets as they are synchronous TDM
frames ,but GPRS format is defined .GPRS is TDMA based on
follow s the IS -136 protocol.
GPRS benefits
Speed: One of the headline benefits of GPRS technology is that it
offers a much higher data rate than was possible with GSM. Rates
up to 172 kbps are possible, although the maximum data rates
realistically achievable under most conditions will be in the range 15
- 40 kbps.
Packet switched operation: Unlike GSM which was used circuit
switched techniques, GPRS technology uses packet switching in line
with the Internet. This makes far more efficient use of the available
capacity, and it allows greater commonality with Internet
techniques.
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14. Always on connectivity: A further advantage of GPRS is that it offers an
"Always On" capability. When using circuit switched techniques, charges
are based on the time a circuit is used, i.e. how long the call is. For packet
switched technology charges are for the amount of data carried as this is
what uses the services provider's capacity. Accordingly, always on
connectivity is possible.
More applications: The packet switched technology including the
always on connectivity combined with the higher data rates opens up many
more possibilities for new applications. One of the chief growth areas that
arose from GPRS was the Blackberry form of mobile or PDA. This
provided for remote email applications along with web browsing, etc.
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16. Enhanced data for GSM evolution
EDGE
EDGE is an evolution to the GSM mobile cellular phone system. The
name EDGE stands for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution and it
enables data to be sent over a GSM TDMA system at speeds up to 384
kbps. In some instances GSM EDGE evolution systems may also be
known as EGPRS, or Enhanced General Packet Radio Service
systems. Although strictly speaking a "2.5G" system, the GSM EDGE
cellular technology is capable of providing data rates that are a distinct
increase on those that could be supported by GPRS.
Specifications of the EDGE service
.They offer data rate up to 400 kbps.
.Channel bandwidth is 200 KHz.
.They are used on voice over packet switched network.
.They support IP-based application
.Use of 8PSK modulation on the place of GMSK modulation.
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17. Comparison between GSM and EDGE
Gaussian MSK modulation
is used.
Bit rate is 270.833kbps.
Channel bandwidth is
200KHz.
Pulse shaping is Gaussian
prefilter.
Modulation type Non-linear.
8PSK modulation is used.
Bit rate is 812.499kbps.
Channel bandwidth is 200
KHz.
Linearizes GMSK pulse.
Linear Modulation type.
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19. Introduction :-
Bluetooth is a specification of Wireless Personal Area Networks
(WPANs).
Bluetooth is also known as IEEE 802.15.1.
The Bluetooth technology uses a short-range radio link that has been
optimized for small-size personal devices.
Bluetooth connections are created in ad-hoc manner to exchange
information between devices such as mobile phones, laptops,
printers, digital cameras etc.
Bluetooth WPAN can be connected in communications with other
LANs through the use of Gateway.
Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM band.
Thee Bluetooth device implementations are found with the
following features.
Frequency hop spread spectrum/TDD with GFSK carrier
modulation used .
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20. The 1 Msps symbol rate exploits maximum channel bandwidth.
Fast frequency hopping and short data packets.
The CVSD voice coding enables operations at high bit error rates.
The air interface is tailored to minimize current consumption.
Bluetooth EDR-2
It was specified in November, 2004.
Maximum data rate is about 3 Mbps.
Backward compatible with previous versions.
Two new modulation schemes are necessary in addition to the
previously used GFSK.These are DQPSK and 8DPSK.
DQPSK is mandatory while 8DPSK is optional.
Improvements from the previous versions:
3 times faster transmission speed.
Low Power consumption.
Better BER performance.20
21. Future Bluetooth
The next version is given a code name Lisbon. It includes a number
of features to increase the security, usability and quality of service.
The newly added features are:
Automatic encryption change.
Extended inquiry response.
QOS improvement.
Sniff subrating.
The next version after Lisbon is Seattle. It will be called Bluetooth
3.0. It will adopt UWB enabling a very fast data transfer of 480
Mbit/s.
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22. WI-FI
Wi-Fi is trademarked name for popular wireless technology that
uses radio waves to provide high-speed Internet and network
connections.
The governing body that owns the term Wi-Fi, the Wi-Fi Alliance,
defines it as any WLAN (wireless area network) products that are
based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers’
(IEEE) 802.11 standards.
The way Wi-Fi works is through the use of radio signals like in
phones. The wireless adapter card that is found inside of computers
then uses the data that is being sent to change it into a radio signal to
then be transmitted by the antenna. A router then receives these
signals and decodes them in order to send the information contained
within to the Internet via a Local Area Network or a wired Ethernet
connection like a cable network connection.
Formed in 1999.
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23. Founding companies :3COM,Nokia,Telnet, Harris Semi Conductor.
Specifications
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
802.11n
Application of Wi-Fi
Companies use Wi-Fi to create wireless networks within their
company.
Phone companies such as use Wi-Fi Hot Spots for their users to get
free calling/internet access.
Gaming companies like Nintendo use Wi-Fi to synch their products
and to use global network usage.
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24. ZIGBEE
Technological standard created for control and sensor networks.
Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
Wireless personal area Networks (WPANs).
High level communication.
Frequency band up to 2.4 GHz.
Zigbee General Characteristics
Data rates of 20kbps and up to 250 kbps.
Support for low latency devices.
CSMA-CA channel access.
Low power usage consumption.
3 frequencies band with 27 channels very long battery life.
Supports large numbers of nodes.
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26. Digital audio Broadcasting
DAB
In 1980s the first digital sound broadcasting systems providing CD
like audio quality for satellite delivery.
„Frequency band 10 to 12GHz.
Little sound data compression .
Not aimed at mobile reception.
In 1987 the Eureka-147 project was born.
First DAB standard was achieved in 1993 .
In 1995 the ETSI adopted DAB as the only European standard for
digital radio.
Introduction :-
Replace the existing AM and FM audio broadcast services.
Very well suited for mobile reception .26
27. High robustness against Multipath reception .
High quality digital audio services (near CD quality).
Ancillary data transmission (e.g. travel and traffic information, still and
moving pictures, etc.)
Larger coverage area than current FM and AM systems .
Efficient frequency spectrum use .
Low transmitting power.
DAB species
DAB (Eureka 147 project) -„ETSI standard .
In Band On Channel (IBOC) DAB (High definition radio project).-
NRSC standard .
ISDB –Japanese standard, Digital TV & audio.
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28. DAB specification
1.5 MHz bandwidth .
Frequency band between 30MHz to 3GHz .
1.5 Mbit/s signal rate .
8-384 kbit/s audio rate .
Up to 63 mono audio channel or 12 stereo audio channel.
Application of DAB
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29. Digital video Broadcasting
DVB
DVB systems distribute data using a variety approaches, including
by satellite (DVB-S, DVB-S2), cable (DVB-C), terrestrial television
(DVB-T) and terrestrial television for handhelds (DVB-H).
These standards define the physical layer and data link layer of the
distribution system.
Devices interact with the physical layer via a synchronous parallel
interface (SPI), synchronous serial interface (SSI), or asynchronous
serial interface (ASI).
Advantages:
High bandwidth outbound or broadcast.
Designed and built for Video Broadcast.
Lower Cost of Remote Terminals.
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30. Mobile Communication
Mobile communication refers to a form of communication which
does not depend on a physical connection between the sender and
receiver and who may move from one physical location to another
during communication.
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31. Third Generation
It is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile
telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the
International Telecommunication Union.
Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile
Internet access, video calls and mobile TV all in a mobile environment.
It is required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards
for reliability and speed (data transfer rates).
To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak
data rates of at least 200 kbps (about 0.2 Mbps).
Speed :- 144 kbps – 2mbps.
Features includes :- Phone calls/Fax, Seamless Roaming,
Navigation/Maps, Video Conferencing.
Time to download a 3 min mp3 song : 11 sec – 1.5 min
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32. Major Players of 3G in market
There are three types of players in telecom services:-
State owned companies (BSNL and MTNL).
2-Private Indian owned companies (RelianceInfocomm,
Tata Teleservices,).
3-Foreign invested companies (Hutchison-Essar,Bharti Tele-Ventures,
Escotel, Idea Cellular, BPL Mobile, Spice Communications)
Advantages of 3G technology
Higher call volumes and support for multimedia data applications such
as video and photography.
Faster data transfer rates.
Capability to determine geographic position of mobiles and report it.
Worthwhile for users that need connectivity on the move.
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33. 4G predecessors
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) -Data speeds of LTE Peak
Download 100 Mbps. Peak Upload 50 Mbps.
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)-Data speeds of WiMAX Peak
Download 128 Mbps.Peak Upload 64 Mbps.
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34. Fourth Generation Cellular Communication
(4G)
4G is not one defined technology or standard, but rather a
collection of technologies and protocols aimed at creating fully
packet-switched networks optimized for data.
4G networks are projected to provide speeds of 100 Mbps while
moving and 1 Gbps while stationary.
Lower cost than previous generations.
OFDM used instead of CDMA.
According to 4G Mobile Forum, in 2008 over $400 billion would
be invested in 4G mobile projects.
Majority of companies expect widespread usage of 3g by the end
of 2013.
Lifecycle of 4G is expected to be of 15 years.
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35. Satellite communication
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What is a satellite system?
A satellite system consists of one or more satellites, a ground-based
station to control the operation of the system, and a user network
earth stations that provides the interface facilities for the
transmission and reception of terrestrial communications traffic.
How a satellite works?
A satellite stays in orbit because the gravitational pull of the earth is
balance by the centripetal force of the revolving satellite.
One Earth station transmits the signals to the satellite at Up link
frequency. Up link frequency is the frequency at which Earth
station is communicating with a satellite.
The satellite transponder process the signal and sends it to the
second Earth station at another frequency called downlink
frequency.
36. Advantages of Satellite Communications over
Terrestrial Communications
The coverage area greatly exceeds.
Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the
center of the coverage area.
Satellite-to-satellite communication is very precise.
Higher bandwidths are available for use.
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37. Microwave communication
Properties of Microwaves
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves whose frequencies range
from about 300 MHz – 300 GHz (1 MHz = 10 6 Hz and 1 GHz =
10 9 Hz) or wavelengths in air ranging from 100 cm – 1 mm.
Microwave is an electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength.
They can reflect by conducting surfaces just like optical waves since
they travel in straight line.
Microwave currents flow through a thin outer layer of an ordinary
cable.
They are not reflected by ionosphere .
Advantages
Increased bandwidth availability
Improved directive properties
Fading effect and reliability
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38. Power requirement.
Transparency property of microwaves
Applications.
Telecommunication.
Radars.
Microwave oven
Biomedical Applications ( diagnostic / therapeutic ) – diathermy for
localized superficial heating, deep electromagnetic heating for
treatment of cancer, hyperthermia ( local, regional or whole body for
cancer therapy’
Food process industry – Precooling / cooking, pasteurization /
sterility, hat frozen / refrigerated precooled meats, roasting of food
grains / beans.
Identifying objects or personnel by non – contact method
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