2. Human
Development
According to Neil J. Salkind (2014)
defines it as “progressive series of
changes that occur in a predictable
pattern as the result of interactions
between biological and
environmental factors.
3. A scientific study of human
development attempts to
understand how humans
grow in different aspects:
physical, mental,
emotional, social,
behavioral, and spiritual,
among others.
5. Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is a popular
psychologist whose theory of human
development and personality sparked great
interest, as well as controversy, due to its
biological orientation that focuses on
psychosexual development of an in
individual.
He believed that early experience are very
important in human development.
7. Stages Approximate Period Focus Trait Outcomes
1. ORAL
Birth-18 months
Oral pleasure though mouth, eating, sucking, mouthing, chewing and biting Fixation can lead to overeating, smoking, drinking, nail-biting, gossiping, and
cursing.
2. ANAL 2- 3 year Anal pleasure to release tension through anus, eliminating and retaining
feces, and toilet training.
Fixation can lead to being obsessive with cleanliness or hating mess (anal
retentiveness). The child may eventually perfectionist or be obsessive-
compulsive.
Another possibility is to become too generous in adulthood that the person
would want to share or give things away (anal expulsive). Moreover, the
child may become messy or disorganized.
3. PHALLIC 4- 6 years Pleasure through genitals. The child start to recognize what it means to be a boy or a girl with their
physical differences. Conflicts arise due to greater emotional attachment to
one parent over another. Attachment of boy to his mom (Oedipus complex),
and girl to her dad (Elektra complex).
4. LATENCY 6- 12 years Resolving fixations or conflicts in previous stages; developing academic and
social skills, physical abilities, and talents.
The child develops closeness with parents if conflicts are resolved, and
builds social ties.
Sexual urges are inhibited.
5.GENITAL Puberty & Later Sex role identity formation. Called puberty stage, this is the period of adolescence. Sexual interest is
awakened.
9. Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial
Theory
Erik Erikson (1902-1994) expanded
Freud’s theory that recognizes the
importance of early experiences in
childhood. However, he shifted his
focus from Freud’s biological
perspective to psychosocial which
takes into account the role of social
factors to influence development.
10.
11. Jean Piaget’s Cognitive
Development
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) considers
the active role of an individual as an
important factor in human
development. He believes that an
individual grows through a dynamic
process in which the body’s internal
system interacts with the environment.
12.
13. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral
Development
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)
studied how children understand what
is right and wrong, and how they
develop a sense of morality. But what is
morality? Weiten (2014, 2011) defines
it as the “ability to distinguish right from
wrong and to behave accordingly”.
