1. 1
Introducing RDA
January 9th, 2013
Chris Oliver
McGill University
chris.oliver@mcgill.ca

2. 2
What is RDA?
RDA = Resource Description and Access
• new metadata standard replaces AACR2
• set of practical instructions
• built on the foundation of a theoretical framework/data model
objectives:
• to record better metadata to support better resource
discovery
• to record data that can be used in the web and linked data
environment

3. 3
Plan
not a training session
aim: overview of RDA
understand some of the background and the key
concepts --- to make training sessions easier
1. moving towards RDA implementation
2. key concepts and their visible impact on RDA
a) theoretical framework
b) objectives and principles
c) focus on the user
d) content standard
e) bibliographic information as data

4. 4
1. Moving towards RDA

5. 5
AACR2
 successful standard
 adopted by many countries
 in use for many years
but
problems with AACR2
for example:
• written for card catalogues
• inadequate rules to describe new types of resources
• inconsistencies
• library specific

6. 6
Roots of RDA
1997 problems identified:
International Conference on the Principles &
Future Development of AACR, Toronto, Ontario
1998-2004 revisions to AACR2; revise within the existing
structure
2004 AACR3
2005 decision to develop a new standard: Resource
Description and Access
2005-2009 development of content for the new standard
2009 text of RDA completed

7. 7
Moving towards RDA
2010 first release of the RDA Toolkit (RDA plus)
2010 US testing (US RDA Test Coordinating Committee)
2011 some of the libraries who tested RDA decide to
continue producing RDA records
2011-2012 preparations for implementation
- work on recommendations arising from US Test
- community involvement
2012 announcement from the Library of Congress --
target date for implementation: March 31, 2013

8. 8
Moving towards RDA
2012 other national libraries are also planning to
target the 1st quarter of 2013 as their RDA
implementation date:
National Agricultural Library
National Library of Medicine
British Library
Library and Archives Canada
National Library of Australia
Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (mid 2013)
2011- translation projects: German, French, Spanish, Chinese
interest in RDA from non-AACR2 countries

9. 9
Is there a day 1?
Yes and No
1) day 1 is important for a sharing data environment:
PCC: declares day 1 for contributing to NACO authorities
LC: declares day 1 for its own cataloguing operations
2) some institutions never switched back after the test
3) each institution decides on day 1 for bibliographic data

10. 10
March 31, 2013
• all new authority records contributed to LC/NACO authority file
= RDA
• all records coded pcc = all RDA access points
all records coded pcc whether:
• RDA description
or
• AACR2 description
• LC will have completed training all its cataloging staff
and all LC records will be RDA records

11. 11
by March 31, 2013
• rapid rise in number of RDA bibliographic records
• changes in LC/NACO authority file
implications for authority work
implications for copy cataloging

12. 12
implementation --
not a single
instant instant

13. 13
Transition
Different institutions will make the transition at different speeds
OK to be in a hybrid environment:
1) hybrid database or catalogue √
AACR and RDA records in one catalogue or database
2) hybrid record √
AACR2 description and RDA access points

14. 14
Phase 1 of implementation
emphasis on continuity
RDA data in MARC 21
in current catalogues
creating bibliographic and authority records
some new fields
some changed instructions
some new instructions
BUT
>>> thinking about bibliographic information differently

15. 15
Phase 1 = starting down new track
RDA
• continuity and change
• moves us to a new track
• starts us on a promising
track for the future use of
our metadata
• useful to understand some
of the key RDA concepts and
see the long view

16. 16
2. Key concepts in RDA

17. 17
AACR2 RDA
• continue to record the title
• continue to record the statement of responsibility
• continue to record the date of publication
But …
• new vocabulary
• new way of thinking about how we do these steps

18. 18
Similar, but ...
AACR2
1.2B1. Transcribe the edition statement as found on the item.
Use abbreviations as instructed in appendix B and numerals as
instructed in appendix C.
RDA
2.5.1.4. Transcribe an edition statement as it appears on the
source of information.
No instruction to abbreviate or to convert to arabic
numerals.

19. 19
Similar, but ...
• serious adherence to the principle of representation
“take what you see”
t.p. data recorded
3rd ed. 3rd ed.
Second edition Second edition

20. 20
On the surface …
similar instructions
but different framework
new vocabulary
but also
new concepts

21. 21
2. Key concepts in RDA
Theoretical framework

22. 22
RDA’s theoretical framework
• explicit conceptual framework
• aligned with the FRBR and FRAD conceptual models
FRBR Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
1998
FRAD Functional Requirements for Authority Data
2009
FRAD is an extension of the FRBR model
• both models developed under the auspices of IFLA
• broad base of international consensus and support

23. 23
The two models
• widely used data modeling technique:
entity relationship model
• entities
• attributes
• relationships
• analyze bibliographic and authority data from the point of view
of how that data is used

24. 24
RDA vocabulary from FRBR + FRAD
• user tasks
• meaning and scope of the 11 bibliographic entities
work person concept
expression family object
manifestation corporate body event
item place
• entities – attributes – relationships

25. 25
Organization and Structure of RDA
RDA table of contents reflects alignment with FRBR
Section 1-4 = Recording attributes
Section 1. Recording attributes of manifestation and item
Section 2. Recording attributes of work and expression
Section 3. Recording attributes of person, family, and corporate
body
Section 4. Recording attributes of concept, object, event, and
place [placeholder]

26. 26
Organization and Structure of RDA
Sections 5-10 = Recording Relationships
Section 5. Recording primary relationships between work,
expression, manifestation, and item
Section 6. Recording relationships to persons, families, and
corporate bodies associated with a resource
Section 7. Recording subject relationships [placeholder]
Section 8. Recording relationships between works, expressions,
manifestations, and items
Section 9. Recording relationships between persons, families,
and corporate bodies
Section 10. Recording relationships between concepts, objects,
events, and places [placeholder]

27. 27
User tasks from FRBR + FRAD
Bibliographic data Authority data
• find • find
• identify • identify
• select • clarify (contextualize)
• obtain • understand (justify)

28. 28
Attributes
• how to record the attributes of entities (characteristics)
for example, entity = a manifestation
attributes we record: title proper
statement of responsibility
edition statement
place of publication
etc.

29. 29
Relationships: links between entities
work created by person
item owned by family
manifestation produced by corporate body
work based on work
manifestation electronic reproduction manifestation
person member of family
family founded corporate body

30. 30
Relationships in RDA
1. record relationship
2. specify exact nature of the relationship
for example
AACR2 name of a person ------- title of book
• type of relationship may be embedded in text of description
• bibliographic record contains name of person and title
RDA name of a person --- type of relationship --- work
• make the relationship explicit and clear
• relationship designators = controlled vocabulary

31. 31
Relationship designators
• specify roles
for example cartographer
performer
broadcaster
former owner
issuing body
• specify the nature of the relationship
for example adaptation of
paraphrased as
electronic reproduction of

32. 32
Relationships in RDA
examples with MARC 21 coding:
245 10 $a British Atlantic, American frontier : $b spaces of power in
early modern British America / $c Stephen J. Hornsby ; with
cartography by Michael J. Hermann.
700 1# $a Herman, Michael J., $e cartographer
245 00 $a Alice in Wonderland, or, What's a nice kid like you doing in a
place like this? /$c Hanna-Barbera Productions.
700 1# $i parody of (work) $a Carroll, Lewis, $d 1832-1898. $t Alice's
adventures in Wonderland.
authority record
500 3# $w r $i Descendant family: $a Adams (Family)

33. 33
Theoretical framework
• alignment with the FRBR and FRAD conceptual models
• bibliographic and authority data
>>> in terms of entities, attributes + relationships
• identify what is important --- how is data used
• systematic and coherent framework
>>> conceptual clarity
>>> logical consistency
>>> reference point for further development

34. 34
Underlying data model
>>> practical set of cataloguing instructions
● built on a theoretical framework
● built on a robust data model
• widely used data modeling technique
• understood by other metadata and data modeling communities
e.g. software engineers, information systems
and database designers

35. 35
2. Key concepts in RDA
Objectives and principles

36. 36
RDA Objectives & Principles
• important part of RDA
• shaped many of the instructions that are different from AACR2
• concur with the International Cataloguing Principles (ICP)

37. 37
RDA Objectives & Principles
Objectives RDA 0.4.2 Principles RDA 0.4.3
• responsiveness to user • differentiation
needs
• sufficiency
• cost efficiency
• relationships
• flexibility
• representation
• continuity
• accuracy
• attribution
• common usage or practice
• uniformity

38. 38
Principle of representation
for example RDA 0.4.3.4
principle = representation
The data describing a resource should reflect
the resource’s representation of itself.
result = simplify transcription
“Take what you see”

39. 39
RDA = Take what you see
source = Kemptville, Ontario
AACR2 = Kemptville, Ont.
RDA = Kemptville, Ontario
264 1 $a Kemptville, Ontario
_____________________________________________________
source = Band LXXXVIII (series numbering)
AACR2 = Bd. 88
RDA = Band LXXXVIII
490 $a ... ; $v Band LXXXVIII

40. 40
RDA = Take what you see
source = Third revised edition
AACR2 = 3rd rev. ed.
RDA = Third revised edition
_____________________________________________
source = 2nd enlarged ed., revised
AACR2 = 2nd enl. ed., rev.
RDA = 2nd enlarged ed., revised

41. 41
Different instructions
AACR2 1.0F. Inaccuracies
In an area where transcription from the item is required,
transcribe an inaccuracy or a misspelled word as it appears in
the item. Follow such an inaccuracy either by [sic] or by i.e. and
the correction within square brackets. Supply a missing letter
or letters in square brackets.
RDA 1.7.9 Inaccuracies
When instructed to transcribe an element as it appears on the
source of information, transcribe an inaccuracy or a misspelled
word as it appears on the source, except where instructed
otherwise.

42. 42
Inaccuracy in RDA
1.7.9 continued
Make a note correcting the inaccuracy if it is considered to be
important for identification or access (see 2.20 ).
If the inaccuracy appears in a title, record a corrected form of the
title as a variant title (see 2.3.6 ) if it is considered to be important
for identification or access.
Exception:
2.3.1.4 Inaccuracies. When transcribing the title proper of a serial
or integrating resource, correct obvious typographic errors, and
make a note giving the title as it appears on the source of
information (see 2.20.2.4 ) ...

43. 43
RDA = Take what you see
title page = Melallization of polymers
AACR2 = Melallization [sic] of polymers
or Melallization [i.e. Metallization] of
polymers
RDA = Melallization of polymers
245 14 $a Melallization of polymers
246 1 $i Corrected title: $a Metallization
of polymers

44. 44
2. Key concepts in RDA
Focus on the user

45. 45
RDA Objectives & Principles
Objectives RDA 0.4.2 Principles RDA 0.4.3
• responsiveness to user • differentiation
needs
• sufficiency
• cost efficiency
• relationships
• flexibility
• representation
• continuity
• accuracy
• attribution
• common usage or practice
• uniformity

46. 46
Focus on the user
• record data that is important to the user
why is it important?
helps the user to find
identify
select
obtain

47. 47
Resource discovery = user tasks
Bibliographic data Authority data
• find • find
• identify • identify
• select • clarify
• obtain • understand
Why record the data? To help user achieve these
tasks.

48. 48
Consistent focus on the user
• RDA divided into 10 sections
• each section begins with general guidelines
• functional objectives and principles specific to the section
Functional objectives = relationship between data and user
tasks
the data (recorded or formulated according
to the instructions in that section)
the user tasks

49. 49
Example from Section 1
Section 1= Recording attributes of manifestations & items
1.2 Functional Objectives and Principles
The data describing a manifestation or item should enable the user to:
a) find manifestations and items that correspond to the user’s stated
search criteria
b) identify the resource described …
c) select a resource that is appropriate to the user’s requirements with
respect to the physical characteristics of the carrier and the
formatting and encoding of information stored on the carrier
d) obtain a resource …

50. 50
Basis for Cataloguer Judgment
• instructions encourage cataloguer judgment
--- based on user tasks
for example, from 3.7 Applied material
Record the applied material used in the resource if it is
considered important for identification or selection …

51. 51
Easier for user to identify
• avoid abbreviations
300 $a 398 pages :$b illustrations ; $c 25 cm
AACR2: 300 $a 398 p. :$b ill. ; $c 25 cm.
• avoid square brackets
300 $a 48 unnumbered pages, 256 pages
AACR2: 300 $a [48], 256 p.
• replace Latin abbreviations
300 $a 48, that is, 96 pages
AACR2: 300 $a 48 [i.e. 96] p.
• avoid cryptic information
300 $a xiv, 179 pages (incomplete)
AACR2: 300 $a xiv, 179 + p.

52. 52
Easier for user to find, identify
RDA: no more: rule of three
no more … [et al.] in description
if statement of responsibility names more
than one person >>> record all RDA 2.4.1.5
optional omission: record first named and
summarize the omission
[and six others]
access points for first named or principal core
or all
or cataloger judgment
or institutional policy

53. 53
Easier for user to find, identify
RDA: record all authors; access points for all authors;
define relationships with designators
100 1 $a Berry, John W., $e author.
245 10 $a Cross-cultural psychology : $b research and applications /
$c John W. Berry, Ype H. Poortinga, Seger M. Breugelmans,
Athanasios Chasiotis, David L. Sam.
250 $a Third edition.
264 1 $a Cambridge : $b Cambridge University Press, $c 2011.
300 $a xxii, 626 pages ; $c 25 cm
700 1 $a Poortinga, Ype H., $d 1939- $e author.
700 1 $a Breugelmans, Seger M., $e author.
700 1 $a Chasiotis, Athanasios, $e author.
700 1 $a Sam, David L., $e author.

54. 54
Easier for user to understand
RDA
optional omission (2.4.1.5):
more than three, omit and summarize
core relationship = access point for first-named
omit relationship designator
100 1 $a Berry, John W.
245 10 $a Cross-cultural psychology : $b research and
applications / $c John W. Berry [and four others].
250 $a Third edition.
264 1 $a Cambridge : $b Cambridge University Press, $c 2011.
300 $a xxii, 626 pages ; $c 25 cm

55. 55
Easier for user to find
AACR2 Aesop’s fables. Polyglot.
RDA Aesop’s fables. Greek
Aesop’s fables. Latin
Aesop’s fables. English
Aesop’s fables. German
AACR2 Aesop’s fables. English & German
RDA Aesop’s fables. English
Aesop’s fables. German

56. 56
2. Key concepts in RDA
Content standard

57. 57
RDA as a content standard
AACR2: MARC encoding + ISBD display
RDA = what data should the cataloguer record?
• possible to encode using many encoding systems
• can be encoded using MARC
• does not have to be encoded using MARC encoding
• can be used with web friendly XML based encoding schema,
such as Dublin Core, MODS
• possible to display the data in many ways

58. 58
RDA as a content standard
for example, encode the data as required in your data-sharing
environment
RDA says: record person’s date of birth = 1982
Encode?
$d 1982- MARC 21
<subfield code="d">1982- </subfield> MARCXML
<mods:namePart type="date">1982- </mods:namePart>
<dob>1982</dob>
<xs:element name="rdaDateOfBirth“>1982</xs:element>

59. 59
RDA as a content standard
for example, create displays that suit your user group:
RDA says: record person’s date of death = 2003
Display? died 2003
d. 2003
- 2003
date of death: 2003

60. 60
Identifying the entity
either
eye-readable data: name
date of birth and death
Shields, Carol, 1953-2003
and/or
machine actionable data: identifier
0101A6635
http://viaf.org/viaf/4944537/#Shields,_Carol

61. 61
RDA as a content standard
• not locked into library encoding practices
• not locked into library display practices
• get out of the library silo
>>> data visible on the web
>>> data interacting with the
data of other metadata
communities

62. 62
2. Key concepts in RDA
Bibliographic information
as data

63. 63
Data Elements
element = A word, character, or group of words and/or
characters representing a distinct unit of
bibliographic information.
appears similar to AACR2 definition
minus “forming part of an area”
effect is quite different from AACR2
each element is ≈ discrete
≈ precisely defined
≈ single attribute / single relationship

64. 64
AACR2
for example
AACR2: information embedded in non-specific places
notes digital file characteristics
physical description file type
MARC 538 encoding format
516 file size
500 resolution
300 regional encoding
transmission speed

65. 65
RDA
RDA: precise elements and element sub-types
digital file characteristics RDA 3.19
file type
encoding format
file size
resolution
regional encoding
transmission speed

66. 66
347 Digital File Characteristics
new MARC field 347
subfield codes
$a - File type (R)
$b - Encoding format (R)
$c - File size (R)
$d - Resolution (R)
$e - Regional encoding (R)
$f - Transmission speed (R)

67. 67
AACR2 Information
AACR2: assume human will decipher
ok to be ambiguous
AACR2: date of publication, distribution, etc.
date of copyright
date of manufacture
MARC 21: 260 $c
260 $g

68. 68
RDA Data Elements
RDA: precise elements – only one kind of data in an element
RDA: 5 different elements: RDA 2.7-2.11
date of production
date of publication
date of distribution
date of manufacture
date of copyright
MARC 21: 264 $c 5 different indicators

69. 69
Controlled vocabulary
• controlled vocabulary recommended for many elements
encoding format DAISY, MP3, Access, XML,
JPEG, TIFF, CAD, PDF,
Blu-ray, VCD
production method blueline, blueprint, engraving,
etching, lithograph, photocopy,
photoengraving, woodcut
base material Bristol board, canvas, cardboard,
ceramic, glass, leather, paper,
parchment, vellum

70. 70
RDA data = precise + usable data
RDA
• each element is distinct and precisely defined
• each element contains only one kind of data
• controlled vocabulary in many elements
 each element has the potential to be usable:
to index
to search
to build meaningful displays of data
 data in any element can be used: by humans
by computers

71. 71
Many new elements
many new elements but do not have to use them all
core elements
• not a level of description
• core elements are a minimum “a floor, not a ceiling”
• must include any additional elements required to differentiate
the resource or entity from a similar one
• inclusion of other elements --- cataloguer judgment

72. 72
Phase 1: RDA using MARC
Bibliographic description:
• core elements (RDA core, LC/PCC core)
• new MARC fields
• simplified instructions for transcription
• some new instructions when recording data
Authorized access points in bibliographic records:
• LC/NACO authority file
• some new instructions when identifying persons, families,
corporate bodies, works and expressions
Authority records:
• NACO guidelines

73. 73
AACR2: simple book (abbreviated)
020 $a 9780230242685 (hardback)
100 1 $a Stanfield, James Ronald, $d 1945-
245 10 $a John Kenneth Galbraith / $c by James Ronald Stanfield
and Jacqueline Bloom Stanfield.
260 $a Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : $b Palgrave
Macmillan, $c 2011.
300 $a xi, 251 p. ; $c 23 cm.
490 1 $a Great Thinkers in Economics Series
700 1 $a Stanfield, Jacqueline Bloom, $d 1947-

74. 74
RDA: simple book (abbreviated)
020 $a 9780230242685 (hardback)
100 1 $a Stanfield, James Ronald, $d 1945- $e author.
245 10 $a John Kenneth Galbraith / $c by James Ronald Stanfield
and Jacqueline Bloom Stanfield.
264 1 $a Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : $b Palgrave
Macmillan, $c 2011.
300 $a xi, 251 pages ; $c 23 cm.
336 $a text $2 rdacontent
337 $a unmediated $2 rdamedia
338 $a volume $2 rdacarrier
490 1 $a Great Thinkers in Economics Series
700 1 $a Stanfield, Jacqueline Bloom, $d 1947- $e author.

75. 75
RDA: simple book (abbreviated)
020 $a 9780230242685 (hardback)
100 1 $a Stanfield, James Ronald, $d 1945- $e author.
245 10 $a John Kenneth Galbraith / $c by James Ronald Stanfield
and Jacqueline Bloom Stanfield.
264 1 $a Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : $b Palgrave
Macmillan, $c 2011.
300 $a xi, 251 pages ; $c 23 cm.
336 $a text $2 rdacontent
337 $a unmediated $2 rdamedia
338 $a volume $2 rdacarrier
490 1 $a Great Thinkers in Economics Series
700 1 $a Stanfield, Jacqueline Bloom, $d 1947- $e author.

76. 76
AACR2: audiocassette
100 1 $a Card, Orson Scott, $d 1951-
245 14 $a The ships of Earth $h[sound recording] / ǂc Orson Scott
Card.
260 $a [Ashland, Oregon] : ǂb Blackstone Audiobooks, ǂc p2008.
300 $a 9 sound cassettes (ca. 13 hr.) : $b analog, Dolby
processed.
511 0 $a Read by Stefan Rudnicki. Directed by Emily Janice Card.
700 1 $a Rudnicki, Stefan, $d 1945-
700 1 $a Card, Emily Janice

77. 77
RDA: audiocassette (from PCC examples)
100 1 $a Card, Orson Scott, $d 1951- $e author.
240 10 $a Ships of Earth. $s Spoken word
245 14 $a The ships of Earth / ǂc Orson Scott Card.
264 1 $a [Ashland, Oregon] : ǂb Blackstone Audiobooks, ǂc [2008]
264 4 $c ℗2008
300 $a 9 audiocassettes (approximately 13 hr.) : $b analog, Dolby
processed ; $c 10 x 7 cm, 4 mm tape.
336 $a spoken word $2 rdacontent
337 $a audio $2 rdamedia
338 $a audiocassette $2 rdacarrier
511 0 $a Read by Stefan Rudnicki. Directed by Emily Janice Card.
700 1 $a Rudnicki, Stefan, $d 1945- $e narrator.
700 1 $a Card, Emily Janice, $e director.

78. 78
RDA: audiocassette (from PCC examples)
100 1 $a Card, Orson Scott, $d 1951- $e author.
240 10 $a Ships of Earth. $s Spoken word
245 14 $a The ships of Earth / ǂc Orson Scott Card.
264 1 $a [Ashland, Oregon] : ǂb Blackstone Audiobooks, ǂc [2008]
264 4 $c ℗2008
300 $a 9 audiocassettes (approximately 13 hr.) : $b analog, Dolby
processed ; $c 10 x 7 cm, 4 mm tape.
336 $a spoken word $2 rdacontent
337 $a audio $2 rdamedia
338 $a audiocassette $2 rdacarrier
511 0 $a Read by Stefan Rudnicki. Directed by Emily Janice Card.
700 1 $a Rudnicki, Stefan, $d 1945- $e narrator.
700 1 $a Card, Emily Janice, $e director.

79. 79
AACR2: compilation (abbreviated+made-up)
100 1 $a Williams, Tennessee.
240 10 $a Selections. $f 2009
245 10 $a Favorite plays and a short story / $c Tennessee
Williams.
260 0 $a Boston : $b University Press, $c 2009.
300 $a 325 p. : $b ill. ; $c 28 cm
505 0 $a The Glass Menagerie -- A Streetcar Named Desire --
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof -- The Night of the Iguana.

80. 80
RDA: compilation (abbreviated+made-up)
100 1 $a Williams, Tennessee.
240 10 $a Works. $k Selections. $f 2009
245 10 $a Favorite plays and a short story / $c Tennessee
Williams.
264 1 $a Boston : $b University Press, $c 2009.
300 $a 325 pages : $b illustrations ; $c 28 cm
336 $a text $2 rdacontent
337 $a unmediated $2 rdamedia
338 $a volume $2 rdacarrier
505 0 $a The Glass Menagerie -- A Streetcar Named Desire --
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof -- The Night of the Iguana.
700 12 $a Williams, Tennessee. $t Glass menagerie.

81. 81
RDA: compilation (abbreviated+made-up)
100 1 $a Williams, Tennessee.
240 10 $a Works. $k Selections. $f 2009
245 10 $a Favorite plays and a short story / $c Tennessee
Williams.
264 1 $a Boston : $b University Press, $c 2009.
300 $a 325 pages : $b illustrations ; $c 28 cm
336 $a text $2 rdacontent
337 $a unmediated $2 rdamedia
338 $a volume $2 rdacarrier
700 12 $a Williams, Tennessee. $t Glass menagerie.
700 12 $a Williams, Tennessee. $t Streetcar named Desire.
700 12 $a Williams, Tennessee. $t Cat on a hot tin roof.
700 12 $a Williams, Tennessee. $t Night of the Iguana.

82. 82
Key concepts
Key concepts shape RDA:
• theoretical framework
• objectives and principles
• focus on the user
• content standard
• bibliographic information as data
>>> visible impact on RDA and the content of instructions
>>> many changes in RDA trace back to concepts

83. 83
Familiarity with key RDA concepts
• a useful way to grab hold of RDA
• a useful way to approach RDA implementation

84. 84
Flickr credits: creative commons attribution
Monarch life cycle – 14 of 20 by SidPix (Sid Mosdell)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/sidm/4813665260/
Monarch life cycle – 20 of 20 by SidPix (Sid Mosdell)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/sidm/4813666686/
Cross track – iPhone wall paper by CJ Schmit
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cjschmit/4623783487/
The roof continues by Martin Pettitt
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mdpettitt/2521374167/
Oregon silo by TooFarNorth
http://www.flickr.com/photos/toofarnorth/4597980984/
Rock climbing is fun by mariachily
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mariachily/3382799213/

85. 85
Questions …
?
chris.oliver@mcgill.ca